TSUNAMI

Muhamad Hafidz Syah Amir

03311942000002
Physical Oceanography Class
Tsunami is a low-frequency ocean waves generated by submarine earthquakes or other
natural phenomena in the sea. Tsunamis are long surface waves with periods near 15
minutes driven by earthquakes.
 Factors That Causing a Tsunami
• Earthquakes under the sea • Underwater landslide • Meteor strike in the ocean

• Volcanic eruptions in the sea or around the sea

 Tsunami Waves

In contrast with the waves (wind) that only move seawater at surface level,
in tsunami, the entire water column from surface to the bottom moves in all
directions. The propagation velocity of the tsunami wave depends on the
sea depth. The greater the depth, the greater the velocity of propagation
will be.

Wave-Driven Currents is waves break in a narrow band of shallow water

along the beach, the surf zone. After breaking, waves continues as a near-
vertical wall of turbulent water called a bore which carries water to the
beach.

Figure : Classification of breaking waves as a function

of beach steepness and wave steepness offshore
 Wave-Propagation Velocity, Tsunami Speed, Amplitudes, Dynamic
Water-Attenuation Factors

 Wave Propagation Velocities

 Wave-Propagation Velocity, Tsunami Speed, Amplitudes, Dynamic
Water-Attenuation Factors

 Dynamic Water Height

 Wave-Propagation Velocity, Tsunami Speed, Amplitudes, Dynamic
Water-Attenuation Factors

 Tsunami Speed and Horizontal orbital Velocities

 HOW A TSUNAMI MAINLY OCCURS
Vertical Slice Through a
Subduction Zone
One of the many tectonic plates that make up Earth's
outer shell descends, or "subducts," under an adjacent
plate. This kind of boundary between plates is called a
"subduction zone." When the plates move suddenly in
an area where they are usually stuck, an earthquake
happens.
Between Earthquakes
Stuck to the subducting plate, the
overriding plate gets squeezed. Its
leading edge is dragged down, while
an area behind bulges upward. This
movement goes on for decades or
centuries, slowly building up stress.
During an Earthquake
Minutes Later
An earthquake along a subduction zone happens when
the leading edge of the overriding plate breaks free
and springs seaward, raising the sea floor and the
water above it. This uplift starts a tsunami. Part of the
tsunami races toward nearby land, growing taller as it
comes into shore. Another part heads across the ocean
toward distant shores.
 The influence of tsunamis based on Shepard's studies in the
Pacific 1963

1. Tsunamis appear to be produced by movement (an earthquake) along a linear fault.

2. Tsunamis can travel thousands of kilometers and still do serious damage to coasts.
3. The first wave of a tsunami is not likely to be the biggest.
4. Wave amplitudes are relatively large shoreward of submarine ridges. They are relatively
low shoreward of submarine valleys, provided the features extend into deep water.
5. Wave amplitudes are decreased by the presence of coral reefs bordering the coast.
6. Some bays have a funneling effect, but long estuaries attenuate waves.
7. Waves can bend around circular islands without great loss of energy, but they are
considerably smaller on the backsides of elongated, angular islands.
References

Azizun, Rohman. Faktor yang dapat Menjadi Penyebab Tsunami.

https://geodesigeodinamik.ft.ugm.ac.id/2019/10/04/faktor-yang-dapat-menjadi-penyebab-tsunami/ (Access at
14.04 15/062021)

Robert H. Stewart, 2002, Introduction To Physical Oceanography, Department of Oceanography Texas A & M
University

Truong. H.V.P. (2011b). Vertical and Horizontal Dynamic Water Heights in Tsunamis Air bubbles to save lives. Proc.
of the 12th Conference on Science and Technology, University of Technology in Saigon, Vietnam, D09, 10 p.
 Thank-You
for your time