The Structure of

The Atom
Chapter 2
 Matter and Substance
● Matter is anything that has mass and
occupies space.
● Made up of tiny and discrete
particles (atoms, molecules and
ions) The smallest particle, which can participate in a
Atoms
chemical reaction

Molecules Group of two or more atoms which are chemically

bonded together

Ions Positively or negatively charged particles

 Kinetic theory of matter
● Explain the energy and forces between
particles in matter
● Three basic assumptions:
– Matter is made up of _
tin_yparticles.
– The tiny particles are in constant _

spee.d
– When the temperature is _
highe__,r,
the particles gain more kinetic energy and
 Diffusion
●A process in which the particles of
substance move and o_c_cup the
spaces in between the particles of
another substance. _y

● Occurs in gases, liq_u_id and

solids.
_s
 Diffusion – Brownian Motion
● The movement of particles in all
_d_erci _t_oi _n_ caused by the co_l_i_s_oin
among the particles or between
particles and the container wall.
 Diffusion – Brownian Motion
● Examples:
– Movement of smoke particles in air
– Movement of pollen grains in water
– Pouring concentrated sugar solution
in water
Diffusion
Diffusion in solid, liquid and gas
Diffusion in solid, liquid and gas
 SOLID
Arrangement Description Property
of particles
Particles are held together Cannot be
by very strong forces compressed
of attraction

Closely packed together in Has a fixed

an orderly manner _ shape and
volume
The kinetic energy of the -
particles is low _.
Particle can vibrate and
rotate in their fixed
position.
 LIQUID
Arrangement Description Property
of particles
The forces of attraction Cannot be
between particles are compressed
easily
_weaker_ than in solid
but stronger than in gas
state
Packed closely but not in Has a fixed
an orderly manner _ volume and
takes the shape
of its container

The kinetic energy of the -

particles is greater than in
_solid state.
Particle can vibrate, rotate
and move.
 GAS
Arrangement Description Property
of particles
_Weak forces of Can be
attraction between compressed
particles easily
Particles are very far Has no fixed
apart from each other. volume and
takes the shape
of its container

The particles have very -

_ high _ kinetic energy.
Particles can move freely
in random _ motion.
 Inter-conversion of matter
Heating
Gas
Cooling

F E
C B

A
Solid Liquid
D
Changes in the state of matter
Inter-conversion
process

A Melting

B Boiling

Sublimation

D
C Freezing

E Condensation

F Sublimation
 Inter-conversion Processes
Process Description
Melting Solid to liquid, heat is absorbed, particles gain energy
and vibrate vigorously to break away from their fixed
position.

Evaporation / Liquid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles gain

Boiling enough energy to break away completely from the
liquid to form steam.

Sublimation Solid to vapour, heat is absorbed, particles get enough

energy to break away completely from the solid and
form a gas.

Freezing Liquid to solid, heat is liberated, particles slow down

their vibration and stop moving.

Condensation Vapour to liquid, heat is liberated, particles lose energy

and move more and more slowly to form liquid.
The heating curve of a substance
Temperature (°C)

Boiling point
D E

Melting point
B C

Time (Min)
The cooling curve of a substance
Temperature (°C)

P
Boiling point
Q R

Freezing point
S T

U
Time (Min)
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The Atomic Structure

Chapter 2 (2)
ATOM
S
 The historical development
of atomic model
● Scientisthave done investigations to show
that atoms are not solid
● Atoms are made up of even smaller
particles

● The history begins with John Dalton’s

discovery.
 The historical development of
atomic model
Imagined the
atom as a
small,
indivisible ball
similar to a
very tiny ball.

John Dalton
 The historical development of
atomic model
Described the
atom as a
sphere of
positive charge,
which contains
a few
negatively-
J. J. Thomson charged
particles called
electron.
 The historical development of
atomic model
Discovered proton,
a positive charge
in an atom.
Most of the mass
of the atom are
concentrated in a
small, central
region called the
nucleus.
Ernest Rutherford
 The historical development of
atomic model
Discovered that
electrons in an
atom move in
shells (orbits)
around the
nucleus

Neils Bohr
 The historical development of
atomic model
Prove the
existence of
neutrons, the
neutral
particles in the
nucleus,
contribute to half
the mass of an
James Chadwick atom.
Difference between 2 atoms
 Subatomic particle
● 3 types of subatomic particles:
(a) Prot_o_n
In the centre of an atom
(b) (nucleus)
(c) Orbiting the shells outside the
Neu_tr_on
nucleus
Elec_t_ron
● The mass of an atom is concentrated
in its nucleus
 Comparison between subatomic
particles
Subatomi Symbo Position Relative Relative
c l in a t o m charge mass
particles
Proton p Nucleus +1 1
Neutro
n Nucleus 0 1
n
Move
Electro
e around -1 1/1840
n nucleus
 Proton Number &
Nucleon number
●Protonnumber of an element is the
number of protons in its atom

●Nucleon number of an element is the total

number of protons and neutrons in its atom

Nucleon Proton Number of

= + neutron
number
number
 Symbol of Elements
●Each element is given a name and a symbol.
●Example:

Element Symbol
Hydrogen H
●Each symbol con siisststs ofof oonnee leletttt
oorr H ewl iouo m
t tw eerrss.H . e
Sodium Na
The standard representation for an
atom
Nucleon

A
number

X
Symbol of
elements

Z
Proton
number
Example
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The Electronic Structure of an
Atom
Chapter 2 (4)
Modern Atom Model

Nucleus } proton + neutron

An atom contains:
✓Proton
✓Neutron and
Shell ✓Electron

Electron
 The S o l a r S y s t e m

Orbit

a) A planet moving around

the sun.
b) Solar system contains:
▪ The sun
▪ The planets
Planet Sun
 W h a t I s Th e
Similarities a n d
Differences?
Nucleus
Sun

Shell
Orbit

Electron
Planet

Difference:
The orbit in solar system contain only 1 planet,
but the shell may contain more than 1 electron.
 Electron A r r a n g e m e n t
● The electron arrangement is:

How the electrons of an atom

are located around the nucleus.
 H o w E lect ron s A r e
Arranged?
▪ Number of electron = Number of
proton
▪ The first shell will be filled with
electrons till the maximum
numbers followed by the second
shell, third shell, etc.
The standard representation for an
atom
Nucleon

A
number

X
Symbol of
elements

Z
Proton
number
 Example

24 How many
electrons does a
magnesium atom

Mg
have?

12
12
 Example

197 How many

electrons does a

Au 79
magnesium atom
have?

79
Electronic Shells

Shell no 3

Shell no 2

Shell no 1
 Electron A r r a n g e m e n t
➢ The first shell can be filled with
maximum of 2 electrons.
➢ The second shell can be
40
filled
with maximum of 8 electrons.
18 Ar
➢ The third shell can be filled with
maximum of 18 electrons, but
for elements 1-20 the maximum
electrons can be filled is 8
electrons.
An example: Argon ➢ The remains electron is filled in
2.8.8 the fourth shell.
 Electron arrangement

27
13 A l
➢Aluminum has 13 proton
number.
➢So, a neutral aluminum atom
has 13 electrons to be filled in
the shells.

An example: Aluminum
2.8.3
 Electron
A rr a n g e m e n t
Exercise:
19
9F
➢Fluorine has 9 proton number.
➢ So, a neutral fluorine atom
has 9 electrons to be filled
in the
shells.

Fluorine
2.7
 Electron
A rr a n g e m e n t
Exercise:
20
10 Ne
➢Neon has 10 proton
number.
➢So, a neutral neon atom has
10 electrons to be filled in the
shells.
Neon
2.8
 Electron
A rr a n g e m e n t
Exercise:
23
11 Na
➢Sodium has 11 proton number.
➢ So, a neutral sodium atom
has 11 electrons to be filled
in the
shells.

Sodium
2.8.1
 Electron
A rr a n g e m e n t
Exercise: 40
20
Ca
➢Calcium has 20 proton
number.
➢ So, a neutral calcium atom
has 20 electrons to be filled
in the
shells.

Calcium
 C o nclu s io n

The electron arrangement is how

the electrons of an atom are
located around the nucleus.
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