Chapter 03

Network Management
 As
Introduction to Network Administration Approaches

a network administrator, your tasks generally fall into the

following areas:
 Designing and planning the network
 Setting up the network
 Maintaining the network
 Adding new host machines to the network
 Administering network security
 Administering network services, name services, and electronic mail
 Troubleshooting network problems

 Expanding the network

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Cont’d…

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 TCP/IP Networking Basics
 TCP/IP - Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
 has 4 (or 5 depending on how you see
it) layers:
 Application, Transport, Internet
(Internetwork), Host-to-network (some
split it into Physical and Data Link)

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 Encapsulation/Decapsulation in TCP/IP

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 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Application layer. Programs use application layer protocols to access network resources.
• Application layer protocols include: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),
Server Message Block (SMB)Domain Name System (DNS), Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Transport layer. Transport layer protocols control data transfer reliability on the network. Transport layer protocols
include:
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Internet layer. The Internet layer protocols control packet movement between networks. Internet layer protocols include:
• Internet protocol(IP) (IPv4 and IPv6)
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Network interface layer. The network interface layer protocols define how datagrams from the Internet layer are
transmitted on the media.

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Protocols in the TCP/IP Suite

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Internet Protocol
 Provides network addressing
 Ensures data packets quickly reach the correct destination
 Versions
 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
 Used on most networks
 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
 Router
 Connects networks

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A router forwarding packets to a designated network

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Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 Public and Private IPv4 Addresses

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Internet Protocol (cont’d.)

 IP addressing
 Dotted decimal notation
 32 bits long
 Four fields
 Example: 10000001.00000101.00001010.01100100 or 129.5.10.100
 Unicast
 One packet is sent from a server to each client on request
 Multicast
 Packet is sent to all clients as a group

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Internet Protocol (cont’d.)

 Broadcast
 Sends communication to all points on network
 Subnet mask
 Used to show class of addressing and to divide network into subnets
 IP address considerations
 Network number 127.0.0.0 cannot be assigned to any network
 Private addresses reserved for Network Address Translation (NAT)
 Cannot assign highest network number to a host

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Unicasting, broadcasting, and multicasting
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Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 Internet Protocol version 6
 Overcomes limitations of IPv4
 128-bit address capability
 Single address associated with multiple network interfaces
 IP extension headers

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Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 Static addressing
 Assign permanent IP address
 Gives consistency for monitoring
 Can be laborious for large networks
 Dynamic addressing
 IP address assigned during logon
 Uses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

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Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 Default gateway
 IP address of the router that has a connection to other networks
 Name resolution
 Domain Name System (DNS) translates domain and computer names to IP
addresses

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 Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 Subnets and Supernets
 Subnets provide a way of chopping up large networks into smaller entities:
 Networks might be split up to segment traffic.
 Networks might be split up to facilitate better use of an assigned IP address space.
 A class A could be made to look like several class B/C networks.
 A class B could be made to look like several Class C networks.
 Even a Class C network can be sub-networked.
 When determining subnet addresses you should:
 Choose the number of subnet bits based on the number of subnet required
 User 2 n to determine the number of subnets available from n bits
 For five locations, the following three subnet bits are required:
 5 locations = 5 subnets required
 22 = 4 subnets (not enough)
 23 = 8 subnets

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 Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 Subnets
 Network routers look at the destination IP address, and the netmask for the address to make delivery
(routing) decisions.
 Once the router determines the class of the destination address, it consults a table to find the
appropriate netmask.
 Class A netmask is 255.0.0.0
 Class B netmask is 255.255.0.0
 Class C netmask is 255.255.255.0
 For example, a packet bound from a random host on the Internet, to my office host would generate the
following operation:
 129.74.25.98 = 10000001 . 01001010 . 00011001 . 01100010
 255.255.0.0 = 11111111 . 11111111 . 00000000 . 00000000

10000001 . 01001010 . 00000000 . 00000000

== 129.74.0.0 or 129.74/16
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 Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 The lab 129.74.46 network is subnetted into several smaller networks.
 By “stealing” bits from the host number, we can make the network number larger. This allows us to make a
class B or C network look like many smaller (classless) networks.
 These networks are denoted by the formula N.S.H (network.subnet.host)
 By using a 27 bit netmask we can divide a network up into several “23” host networks. 11111111 . 11111111 .
11111111 . 11100000
 27 bits of network address, 5 bits of host address.
NID Useful Range Broadcast Add
129.74.46.32 129.74.46.33-129.74.46.62 129.74.46.63
129.74.46.64 129.74.46.65-129.74.46.94 129.74.46.95
129.74.46.96 129.74.46.97-129.74.46. 129.74.46.127
… … …
129.74.46.224 129.74.46.225-129.74.46.254 129.74.46.255

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 129.74.46.32/27 denotes a host on a classless network which employs
prep: Werkneh E. a 27 bit netmask.
Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 Subnetsand Supernets
 Supernets allow us to aggregate several smaller networks into
one larger routing entity:
 This is the opposite of subnetting.
Supernetting is employed to minimize routing table entries.
 If an ISP has a customer who needs addresses for 400 hosts, a single class C
address will not suffice.
 By combining two class C networks, the ISP can make a single routing entity:
 203.14.7.0 = 11001011 00001110 00000111 00000000
 203.14.6.0 = 11001011 00001110 00000110 00000000
 The first 23 bits are the same for both addresses so the ISP can advertise a
single external route:
 203.14.6/23
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 Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
 CIDR is the result of incorporating subnetting and supernetting into the classful IP address
structure.
 We are no longer limited to class A, B, and C addresses.
 By passing the netmask along with the address we can make arbitrarily large/small networks, as we
see fit, to simplify routing and network design.
 CIDR allows simplified routing tables.
 CIDR is the basis of IPv6.
 You may also hear the term Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM).
 This is the practice of using various length subnet masks within a single network domain.

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Internet Protocol (cont’d.)
 Internet Protocol (IPv4 trivia)
 We are running out of addresses under the current (IPv4) addressing scheme.
 If every class A, Class B, and Class C network address was in use using classful addresses, there
would be ((127 * 16,000,000) + (16384 * 65,000) + (2,097,152 * 254)) (or 3,629,636,608) hosts
on the Internet. (3.6 gigahosts)
 The remainder of the addresses are the “zero”, and “broadcast hosts (overhead).
 If subnetworking is in use, even more of the address space is lost to “overhead”.
 Real Soon Now a new version of IP will be released. This version is known as IPV6 (Internet
Protocol version 6).

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 Physical Addresses and the Address Resolution Protocol
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
 Acquire the physical addresses associated with a computer’s network interface card (NIC)
 Media access control (MAC) address
 Physical address of NIC
 TCP/IP relies on both IP addresses and MAC addresses
 LAB work:
 Objective: Practice all options of ARP command

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 Using ARP to query the MAC
address

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