Understanding Culture

Society and Politics

Quarter 1 – Lesson:
NATURE, GOALS, AND PERSPECTIVES OF
ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY,
AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
Animezero LET
Reviewer Compilation UCSP
 Guide Questions
:

“ What issues and events in our

country/society that concerns
you today?
Animezero LET
Reviewer Compilation UCSP
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
:

1.identify the nature, goals and perspectives of

Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science;
2. explain the different perspectives of
anthropology, sociology and political science

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 A. Starting points for understanding of
culture, society, and politics

Culture is complex whole which encompasses, beliefs,

practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns
and shares as a member of society.

Society is a term used by anthropologist to refer to a

group of people who share a culture and beliefs.

Animezero LET
Reviewer Compilation UCSP
 A. Starting points for understanding of
culture, society, and politics

Sociology is a branch of social science that deals with the

study of society, groups, norms, and organizations.

Animezero LET
Reviewer Compilation UCSP
 What I Know

ACTIVITY 1

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose one
question and write your answers in your notebook.
1. What is politics?
2. What makes social action a political one?
3. What is your opinion about actors or actresses who
run for a position in politics?

Criteria/ Rubric to guide in answering the question.

Organization/stand--10
Structure----------------10
Total ---------------------20
Animezero LET Philippine Politics and
Reviewer Compilation Governance
 In this module we will be enable you to learn more about
politics and governance in a more detailed perspective since it
was tackled broadly in your Junior High subjects. The
concepts of Politics and Governance were merely discussed
in a simplified manner which were based only on the context
of general competencies. With this module, you will be able to
gain a more concrete understanding of the aforementioned
topic because it will delve on the organized process underlying
the complexities that are involved in art of governance.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 What I Know

ACTIVITY 2

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 TEXTWIZT CHALLENGE.
Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters into a word based on the definition
given in each item.
1. NANCEREVOG - The term used specifically to describe changes in
the nature and role of the state following the public-sector reforms.
2. SCITILOP - The activities associated with the governance of a country
or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or
parties having or hoping to achieve power.
3. LOCIAS - relating to society or its organization
4. MEGVERONNT - the governing body of a nation, state, or community.
5. TANONI - a large body of people united by common descent, history,
culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 TEXTWIZT CHALLENGE.
Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters into a word based on the definition
given in each item.
1. NANCEREVOG - The term used specifically to describe changes in
the nature and role of the state following the public-sector reforms.
2. SCITILOP - The activities associated with the governance of a country
or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or
parties having or hoping to achieve power.
3. LOCIAS - relating to society or its organization
4. MEGVERONNT - the governing body of a nation, state, or community.
5. TANONI - a large body of people united by common descent, history,
culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 What Is It
What is
Politics?
What is
Governance
all about?

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 The meaning of Politics

• Politics is the study of (who gets what, when and

how)as Haroll Laswell stated.
• Politics is the exercise of power, the science of
making of collective decisions, the allocation of
scarce resources and the practice of deception and
manipulation.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 The Characteristics of Politics

1. Politics always involves the making of collective

decisions for group of people.
2. Those decisions are made by some members of the
group, exercising power over other members of the
group.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 What Is It

Answer the following questions

1. How would you use the concepts in politics to improve
relationships with your family and friends?
2. How is politics practiced in getting what you want?

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
“Politics is about human relationships”. It
is how humans behave differently when
dealing with others when there is
cooperation, competition and
conflict”(other social interaction)

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 BASIC CONCEPT OF POLITICS
1. ORDER – is the central to the study of politics because it shows different
components of human society.
STRUCTURES OF ORDER
A. COMMUNITY – is one of social order which refers to the association of individual
who shares a common identity.
B. GOVERNMENT – is the higher level of social order that exist primarily for the
maintenance and perpetuation of the community.
C. STATE – is the largest social order today and in which the term politics originally
derived.
2. POWER – the main source of reign of the Government and the possession to
govern or rule the state.
3. JUSTICE – the process of legalizing and penalizing the abuse of political power
and power to rule. Justice is in effect if the government gives what people need,
protect and respect their rights, and put the common good over and above the
personal interest of the leaders.
Animezero LET Philippine Politics and
Reviewer Compilation Governance
 What is the difference of the word
government and governance?

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
GOVERNMENT is a merely an instrument for the
purpose of governance while GOVERNANCE is the
exercise of political, economic, and administrative
authority to manage a nation’s affairs.
GOVERNANCE embraces all of the methods either
good or bad, the societies use to distribute power and
manage public resources and problems.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 TWO APPROACHES to the STUDY of POLITICS
• POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY – It is the traditional
approach in which the primary goal is to understand
the essence or the truth about politics.
\
• POLITICAL SCIENCE – It is the empirical/objective
approach in which it places little emphasis on abstract
and normative question and concentrates on a
dispassionate and objective of the realities of politics.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 The importance of studying governance includes the
people, most specially the citizens who will be aware of the
need for good governance. Consequently, such awareness
should encourage them to take action.

For the achievement of continued

empowerment and sustainable development, they have to
learn how to fight for their rights through proper
awareness on how the Philippine Governance works.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 PROCESSES AND ACTORS IN GOVERNANCE

• Decision-Making - refers to the process by which a

person or group of persons, guided by socio-political
\
structures, arriving at a decision involving their
individual and communal needs and wants.
• Implementation - is the process that logically follows
the decision.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 Actors and Structures
An actor - is a sector or group or institution that
participates in the process of decision-making and
implementation.
A structure - refers to an organization or mechanism that
formally or informally guides the decision-making process
and sets into the motion the different actors and
apparatuses in the implementation process.

Informal Actors and Bad Governance – Their influence is felt more

clearly in local governments, such as organized crime syndicates
and powerful families, and in rural and urban areas.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 Most often than not, these actors are the cause of corruption, in
that legitimate government objectives are distorted by their illegal
and private interests. Worse, they manipulate government officials
and agencies, and cause widespread yet organized violence in the
community. In urban and rural areas, for example, the rich and
powerful families control the economy by controlling the local
government officials. They bring about a controlled environment so
that decisions must always favor them.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
1. Participation – is the active involvement of all affected and interested
parties in the decision-making process. Participation is one of the
strengths of Philippine governance. The 1987 Philippine Constitution
contains provisions dealing with relational and inter-sectoral
\
governance. The Local Government Act of 1989 was borne out of the
need for decentralization in Philippine governance. As such, these and
other related legislations may be considered as normative standards for
good governance.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
2. Rule of Law – in this indicator, democracy becomes essential. It
demands that the people and the civil society render habitual obedience
to the law. It also demands that the government acts within the limits of
the powers and functions which are prescribed by the law. In the
Philippines however, this needs proper implementation and reformation
particularly among the law making body. Despite being one of the
\
oldest democracies in the region, it ranked last among seven indexed
Asian countries according to the World Justice Project Rule of Law
Index. Generally, the reasons for ranking last are ―lack of respect for
law, pervasive and systemic corruption in the government,‖ and
circumvention of the law.‖ Lack of respect for law is generally caused
by distrust on the integrity of law enforcement agencies.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
3.Effectiveness and Efficiency – this indicator requires that actors meet the
needs of the society for effective governance. This means that the valuable
resources are utilized, without wasting or underutilizing any of them.
Enhancement and standardization of the quality of public service delivery
consistent with international standards, professionalization of bureaucracy
should be observed while efforts must be made in order to attain effectiveness
and efficiency in Philippine governance.

The Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (ARTA), for instance, was passed to require the
setting up of Citizen‘s Charter for a simplified procedure and to facilitate
governmental transactions. Also, many government departments and agencies
pursued a rationalization program to check excessive and redundant staffing.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
4. Transparency – this indicator means that people are open to information
regarding decision-making process and the implementation of the same. In
legal terms, it means that information on matters of public concern are made
available to the citizens or those who will be directly affected. It also means
that transactions involving public interests must be fully disclosed and made
accessible to the people. Efforts were made in pursuit of transparency in
Philippine governance and as far as the government sector is concerned, the
current administration, consistent with its drive of curbing corruption,
promotes honesty and integrity in public service. It has currently passed the
Freedom of Information Bill and other related legislations, as well as
intensified people‘s engagement in local governance. Transparency in budget
and disbursements are, however, still far from being substantially
implemented.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
5. Responsiveness - means that institutions and processes serve all
stakeholders in a timely and appropriate manner. It also means that
actors and structures of governance easily give genuine expression to
the will or desire of the people. Some of the important efforts made to
attain responsive governance in the Philippines are decentralization,
creation of citizen‘s charter in all frontline agencies (as required by
ARTA), and gender sensitivity programs. First, through decentralization,
\
local governments, which are more proximate to their constituents,
serve more promptly the people, who in turn become more involved in
decision-making. Second, every government agency now has it
Citizen‘s Charter, which provides time frames for every step in attaining
frontline services. Agencies now must also respond to written queries
sent by the stakeholders or interested parties within a period of ten
days, otherwise there will be delayed service.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
6. Equity and Inclusiveness - means that all the members of the society,
especially the most vulnerable ones or the grassroots level, must be
taken into consideration in policy-making. Social equity, as an example,
refers to a kind of justice that gives more opportunity to the less
fortunate members of the society. The Philippine Government has done
\
extensive efforts in promoting equity and inclusiveness. The
Constitution makes it as one of its state policies the promotion of social
justice. Pursuant to this, the Congress has enacted social legislations
like the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law which aims at freeing the
farmer tenants from the bondage of the soil.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
7.Consensus Oriented - Governance is consensus oriented when decisions
are made after taking into consideration the different viewpoints of the actors
of the society. Among the things done by the Philippines in promoting a
consensus oriented governance are: (1) creation of a wide-based of
representation in the Congress; (2) a two-tiered legislature or bicameralism
which subjects legislation to the evaluation of national and district legislators;
and (3) necessity of public hearings or consultations of various governmental
policies and actions.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
7.Consensus Oriented - Governance is consensus oriented when decisions
are made after taking into consideration the different viewpoints of the actors
of the society. Among the things done by the Philippines in promoting a
consensus oriented governance are: (1) creation of a wide-based of
representation in the Congress; (2) a two-tiered legislature or bicameralism
which subjects legislation to the evaluation of national and district legislators;
and (3) necessity of public hearings or consultations of various governmental
policies and actions.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
8.Accountability - means answerability or responsibility for one‘s
action. It is based on the principle that every person or group is
responsible for their actions most especially when their acts affect
public interest. Accountability comes in various forms: political,
hierarchical, and managerial accountability. Political accountability
refers to the accountability of public\ officials to the people they
represent. Hierarchical accountability refers to the ordered
accountability of the various agencies and their respective officers and
personnel in relation to their program objectives. Managerial
accountability refers to employee accountability based on organization
and individual performance.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
The Philippines for instance, in the recent years had endeavored to
comply with the requirements of accountability. It had taken action to
initiate political accountability so as to hold answerable erring public
officials involved in graft and corruption and for acts contrary to the
mandate of the constitution. It had also strengthened parliamentary
scrutiny through legislative investigations and creation of special
\
committees exercising oversight functions. The Office of the
Ombudsman, considered as the public watchdog, has become
consistently active in investigating and prosecuting graft and plunders
cases. Citizen‘s Charter, as required by ARTA, was also an important
tool in promoting professional public service values.
CURRENT STATE.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
CURRENT STATE OF GOVERNANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is plagued by bad governance. Based on the six dimensions of
governance in the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), it ranks in the
lower half of the percentile. In 2010-2011, the Philippines ranked only 85th in
the Global Competitive Index (GCI), lagging behind most of its Southeast
Asian neighbors. The decline of trust on the actors of governance and the
consequential poor economic condition were brought about by the systemic
corruption among and between public officials and private organizations. In
2013, it ranked 94th among 177 countries in the Corruption Perception Index.
Among the key institutions in the Philippines perceived to be most corrupt
based on the Global Corruption Index are ―political parties, ―judiciary,
police, public officials and civil servants, and Legislature. This means all
branches of the Philippine government are now challenged.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 THE VALUES OF POLITICS

1.Politics helps you to know your rights

2. Politics clarifies what you
\ yourself believe
3. Politics is a living, breathing subject.
4. Politics helps you to understand our nation’s
parties
5. Politics prepares you for adult life.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
 What’s More

ACTIVITY 3

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
Direction: Read the statements carefully and Write T if the
statement is true and F if it is false.
1. Politics is about governing.
2. Joining a rally, protest or demonstration is a political activity.
3. Politics is NOT a social interaction.
4. Any form of social interaction that involves the art of
government, public affairs,compromise and consensus, or power
and distribution of resources is political.
5. Politics is the authoritative allocation of values for a society.

Animezero LET Philippine Politics and

Reviewer Compilation Governance
Make your own definition of the
word “Politics” and write down
your own definition in the
comment section below in this
video.
Animezero LET Philippine Politics and
Reviewer Compilation Governance