COPERNICAN EVOLUTION

PRESENTED BY:
Annowar, Omel Dimacaling, Ahmad Zukhri G.
Quidlat, Meg P. Pandapatan, Asraf
Abarquez, Freya
Pandapatan, Jarie
Paradigm shift of S&T during Copernican Evolution

Paradigm shift or paradigm change

•happens when scientific activity and experimentation begins to contradict

premises that experts previously considered unshakable. As a result, a new

and different paradigm replaces the dominant paradigm of its day.

 Paradigm shift of S&T during Copernican Evolution

Copernican Evolution

 Copernican Evolution was the paradigm shift in the field of astronomy

 from a geocentric understanding of the universe, centred around Earth,
to a heliocentric understanding, centred around the Sun, as articulated by
the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century. 

 Copernican Revolution is also known as an astronomy´s paradigm shift

from the view that the Sun revolves around the stationary "center of the
universe"-the Earth-to the view that the Earth is one of the several planets
revolving around the Sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus was the father of the heliocentric model - the
belief that the planets revolve around the sun - which ignited a
scientific revolution in the 1500s that entirely obliterated the Church´s
long-held teaching that mankind occupied the center of God´s
universe.

The Heliocentric System

In a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (that was
published as Copernicus lay on his deathbed), Copernicus
proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar
System. Such a model is called a heliocentric system. The ordering
of the planets known to Copernicus in this new system is
illustrated in the following figure, which we recognize as the
modern ordering of those planets.
In this new ordering the Earth is just another planet (the third outward from the Sun), and the
Moon is in orbit around the Earth, not the Sun. The stars are distant objects that do not revolve
around the Sun. Instead, the Earth is assumed to rotate once in 24 hours, causing the stars to
appear to revolve around the Earth in the opposite direction.
Retrograde Motion and Varying
Brightness of the Planets
The Copernican system by banishing the
idea that the Earth was the center of the
Solar System, immediately led to a simple
explanation of both the varying brightness
of the planets and retrograde motion:
•The planets in such a system naturally
vary in brightness because they are not
always the same distance from the Earth.
•The retrograde motion could be
explained in terms of geometry and a
faster motion for planets with smaller
orbits, as illustrated in the following
animation.
Copernicus and the Need for Epicycles
There is a common misconception that the Copernican model did away with the need
for epicycles. This is not true, because Copernicus was able to rid himself of the long-
held notion that the Earth was the center of the Solar system, but he did not question
the assumption of uniform circular motion. 
The Copernican Revolution
The 3 incorrect ideas held back the development of modern astronomy from the time
of Aristotle until the 16th and 17th centuries:
(1) the assumption that the Earth was the center of the Universe,
(2) the assumption of uniform circular motion in the heavens, and
(3) the assumption that objects in the heavens were made from a perfect, unchanging
substance not found on the Earth.
• Copernicus was an unlikely revolutionary. It is believed by many that his book was
only published at the end of his life because he feared ridicule and disfavor by his
peers and by the Church, which had elevated the ideas of Aristotle to the level of
religious dogma.
HOW SOCIETY IS DEFINED DURING COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Today, Copernicus is one of the most familiar names among Renaissance scientists, but
his role in the Scientific Revolution is misunderstood. He is commonly known as the
man who introduced the idea of a heliocentric universe, but is not his theory itself that
was transformational. In truth, he did very little to advance the proof of his claim. His
value is not in what he said, but what it caused later scientists like Brahe, Kepler, Galileo
and later Newton, to develop as a result of what he proposed. Copernicus’ work was
ultimately most significant because it changed the way people used physics and
astronomy to understand the universe.