CHAPTER

MINERALOGY
2
 WHAT IS
1 MINERALOGY?
MINERALOGY
● is the systematic study that deals with the
characteristics of minerals
● is an Earth Science that covers the
description, crystallography, physical,
chemical and environmental features of all
minerals
 WHAT ARE
2 MINERALS?
MINERALS
● are naturally occurring, inorganic solids that are
made of single native element or more usually a
compound
● have definite chemical composition and a definite
atomic structure (crystal lattice structure)
BRANCHES OF
MINERALOGY
 BRANCHES OF MINERALOGY
Crystallography Physical Mineralogy
the study of regularity the study of physical
of form, arrangement properties and description
and bonding of atoms of minerals
BRANCHES OF MINERALOGY
Chemical mineralogy Descriptive Mineralogy
the study of chemical deals with the classification
formula percentage of minerals into groups
contribution of individual based on their common
elements, and other properties
chemical properties of
minerals
 CLASSIFICATION
3 OF MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
ROCK-FORMING
MINERALS
● Minerals essential to form
igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks
ORE-FORMING
MINERALS
● Rocks that contain enough
economically important
element, those having metal
content which are essential to
develop a state or industry
IMPORTNACE OF
MINERALOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
IMPORTNACE OF MINERALOGY IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
● Design of Structures ● Foundation Design
● Materials Testing ● Construction Planning
 PROPERTIES OF
4 MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
● hardness, shape, color,
luster, streak, cleavage,
fracture
MICROSCOPIC
PROPERTIES
● behavior towards life required
thin sheets, optical properties
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE (HABIT)
● general appearance a mineral tends to
have
● determines if the mineral structure is
well crystalized
STRUCTURE (HABIT)
FOLIATED HABIT FIBROUS HABIT
contains thin separable Generally separable minerals
leaves made of fiber
STRUCTURE (CRYSTAL HABIT)
Acicular Dendritic Fibrous
Needle-like crystal Crystals that has a tree Fibers generally
structure and are fragile like structure separable
STRUCTURE (CRYSTAL HABIT)
Foliated Globular Granular
Easier to separate than Bulb-like overlapping Densely packed mass of
lamellar because it is globules small grain-like crystal
thinner
STRUCTURE (CRYSTAL HABIT)
Lamellar
Relatively thick, flexible,
separable thin sheet
leaves
Mammillary Prismatic
Projections are Mineral in the form of a
conspicuous in size thin and thick elongated
column-like crystal,
flattened
STRUCTURE (CRYSTAL HABIT)
Radiating Reinform Tabular
Like fibrous habit Minerals shaped like Elongated crystal which is
because it is like a needle human kidney also flat
originating from a
common point
COLOR
COLOR
● appearance of particular object in
light
PROPERTIES OF COLOR
INHERENT CHEMICAL DIAGNOSTIC
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
● Mineral quality is mainly ● Minerals are test due to their
dependent on chemical impurities
composition and structure
TYPES OF COLOR
Allochromatic Idiochromatic Pseudochromatic
Minerals that are Self-colored due to Minerals that are false
colorless in their their composition. colored due to tricks
pure form Minerals are other in light diffraction
colored due to trace
impurities.
STREAK
STREAK
● color of its powder produced of
the mineral
EXAMPLES OF STREAK
Hematite Lemonite Magnetite Tourmaline
Brick red Yellow brown Dark gray Colorless
LUSTER
LUSTER
● shining surface of mineral
● based on whether the mineral is
metallic or non-metallic
TYPES OF NON-METALLIC LUSTER
Adamantine Dull Earthy Greasy
Very brilliant Poor light Non-reflective Waxy
reflectivity luster
 TYPES OF NON-METALLIC LUSTER
Metallic Pearly Resinous Silky
Opaque, Irisdiscent pearl light Shine is oily Luster have optical
transluscent, properties similar to
polished metal silk
appearnce
TYPES OF NON-METALLIC LUSTER
Submetallic Vitreous
Similar to that oof metallic but Has a luster of glass
duller and less reflective
FRACTURE
FRACTURE
● appearance of the broken surface
of mineral
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURE
Conchoidal Even Fibrous
Curve surfaces that Minerals forming a Broken surfaces are
are concave to the smooth, flat dull and silky
shell surfaces (ductile fracture)
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURE
Hackly Splintery Uneven
Jagged, sharped Breakage into Rough surfaces
and not even, elongated
irregular fragments like
splinters of wood
CLEAVAGE
CLEAVAGE
● tendency of a mineral to break in
a flat surface
THREE FACTORS IN MEASURING
CLEAVAGE

1. Quality of Cleavage
2. Number of Sides Exhibiting Cleavage
3. Cleavage Habit
CLEAVAGE HABIT
Basal Cubic Octahedral
Exhibited on a horizontal Exhibited on minerals of Exhibited on minerals of
plane of the mineral by the isometric crystal the isometric crystal
way of its base, can be system that are system that are
peeled crystallized as cubes crystallized as octahedron
CLEAVAGE HABIT
Prismatic Pinicoidal Rhombohedral
Exhibited on some Exhibited on some Exhibited on
prismatic minerals prismatic and minerals
in which a crystal tabular minerals in crystallizing in the
cleaves as thin, which a crystal hexagonal crystal
vertical, prismatic cleaves on the system as
crystals off of the pinacoidal plane rhombohedrons
original prism
HARDNESS
HARDNESS
● resistance of the minerals to be
scratched
MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
● compares minerals’ density to
that of water
 ROCK
5 FORMING
MINERALS
ROCK FORMING MINERALS
● any mineral that forms igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks
and that typically, or solely, forms as
an intimate part of rock-making
processes
PYRITE
● most important mineral in ore. It
produce sulfur, iron sulfide (ore gold
specifically)
MINERAL RESOURCE
● Minerals that are useful to various level
● (e.g. gemstones )
● Rocks with one or more useful materials
● Most are used as raw materials
ORE
● naturally occurring solid minerals when
taken from mine can be sold right away
CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCK FORMING
MINERALS
SILICATE GROUP
● Biggest group of minerals

● Aluminum ● Oxygen
● Calcium ● Potassium
● Iron ● Silicon
● Lithium ● Sodium
● Magnesium
FELDSPAR GROUP
● Can be ornamental or ceramic
● Colour white to pink
● Transition process is from igneous and
metamorphic)
PYROXENE GROUP
● can be used in gemstone that are good
abundance in dark colors (dark color
minerals)
AMPHIBOLE GROUP
● Parallel to pyroxene group, double cleavage
and dark color
MICA GROUP
● can be split in a very thin sheet along one
direction
● Lamellar crystal habit
● Use in electrical
● Micaceous structure
OXIDE GROUP
● Gemstone
● Used in electronic industry
● Iron
● Copper
● Zinc
● Tin
● Aluminum
CARBONATE GROUP
● Sedimentary and igneous
● Fertilizer
● Cement

● Calcite
● Dolomite
References

Australian Museum. (n.d.). Mineralogy. Retrieved from Australian Museum:

https://australian.museum/learn/collections/natural-science/mineralogy/
Haldar, S. (2020). Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology (2 ed.). Elsevier:
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/C2019-0-00625-5
Hollocher, K. (n.d.). Mineral Identification. Retrieved from Union College:
https://muse.union.edu/hollochk/
King, H. M. (n.d.). Crystal Habits and Forms of Minerals and Gems. Retrieved from Geology.com:
https://geology.com/minerals/crystal-habit/
Mineral Properties. (n.d.). Retrieved from Minerals.net - The Minerals and Gemstone Kingdom:
https://www.minerals.net/resource/property/cleavage_fracture_parting.aspx?ver=desktop
Reading: Physical Characteristics of Minerals. (n.d.). Retrieved from Lumenwaymaker:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-physical-characteristics-of-minerals/
Blyth, F., & de Freitas, M. (1984). A Geology for Engineers (7 ed.).
 GROUP 3

Janina Aguinaldo John Marcie Marc Kevin Opeña Franchesca Dianne Jewel Sipisip
Gonzales Razalan
Thank you for listening!