Chapter 27 Magnetic field and

Magnetic Forces
1. Magnetic Fields
2. Earth as a Huge Magnet
3. Magnetic Flux
4. Force on a charged particle in a magnetic field
5. Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field
 About Magnets

 magnetic poles exist in pairs. If we break a bar magnet, each of the two broken pieces still have N
and S-Poles.
 At microscopic level, magnetic force between two bodies is due to interactions between moving
electrons in the atoms of the bodies.
Earth: Huge Magnet (discovery in 16 century)
th
 Various Magnetic Field Patterns

Magnetic field between pole pieces of a C-shaped magnet is fairly uniform

 Magnetic flux
𝒅⃗
𝑨
𝑑 Φ B =𝐵⊥ 𝑑𝐴 ¿ 𝐵 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝐴 ¿ ⃗
𝑩. 𝒅 ⃗
𝑨

¿ ⃗
Φ B =∫ 𝐵⊥ 𝑑𝐴 ¿∫ 𝐵cos 𝜙𝑑𝐴 ∫ 𝑨
𝑩. 𝒅 ⃗
SI unit of magnetic flux : weber (Wb)
2
𝟏𝐖𝐛=𝟏 T . m
Gauss’s Law for Magnetism

 Magnetic poles always exist in pairs, thus total

magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero. ∮ 𝑩 .𝒅 𝑨=0
⃗ ⃗
 Example 1
The magnetic field in a certain region is 0.128
T and is along

(a) What is magnetic flux across the surface ?

(b) What is the magnetic flux across ?
(c) What is magnetic flux across ?
(d) What is the magnetic flux through all the five surfaces?
  Magnetic flux across
(c)
Angle between plane of the area and z-axis is:
3 0
tan 𝜃= ⟹ 𝜃=36.8 6
4
angle between and 𝜙=9 00 − 𝜃¿ 9 0 0 − 36.8 60 =53.1 4 0
Φ B =𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜙 Wb
 Test Question 2010
Assuming that Gauss Law for magnetism, holds, which of the following statements
holds:
(i) The total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.
(ii)The magnetic field lines have no beginning and ending.
(iii)There are no magnetic monopoles.
 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge

⃗ 𝒗×⃗
𝑭 =𝑞 ⃗ 𝑩
Tesla (T) 1T=1N / A .m=1N .s / C .m
SI Unit of Magnetic Field
−4
Gauss(G) 1 Gauss=1 0 Tesla
 Motion of Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field

 Applying Newton’s Second Law of

motion for the particle of mass :
⃗𝑭 =𝑚 ⃗𝑎 2
𝑣
|𝑞| 𝑣𝐵=𝑚
𝑅
𝑚𝑣
𝑅=
|𝑞| 𝐵
Helical motion of charged particle 𝑣
𝐵
Application: Magnetic force on Charged Particles
Magnetic Bottle
Application: Magnetic force on Charged Particles
In the Bubble chamber: In the study of elementary particles
Northern Lights and Southern Lights
Charged particles ejected from the sun are
steered by the earth’s magnetic field
towards our planet’s north and south pole

When the particles strike gas molecules in

the upper atmosphere, the molecules are set
aglow

This results in a brilliant light show called

Northern lights or Southern Lights
 Test Question 2009
An electric field of 1500 V/m and a magnetic field of 0.4 T act on a moving
electron to produce no net force. The speed of electron is

|⃗
𝑭 |=𝑒𝑣𝐵=𝑒𝐸
𝐸 1500
𝑣= = =3750 𝑚/ 𝑠
𝐵 0.4
 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Conductor

⃗
𝐹 =𝑞 𝑣⃗𝑑 × ⃗
𝐵
𝐹 =𝑞 𝑣 𝑑 𝐵
F net =⃗F × number   of   charges   in   length l
¿ 𝑞 𝑣 𝑑 𝐵 ×𝑛𝐴𝑙
𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =(𝑛𝑞 𝐴𝑣 𝑑 )𝑙𝐵¿ 𝐼𝑙𝐵

𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼 ⃗𝑙 × ⃗
⃗ 𝐵
 Example 4
The magnitude of magnetic field is uniform and
perpendicular to the plane of the figure, pointing out of
the page. The conductor carrying current to left has
three segments: (1) straight segment with length
perpendicular to the plane of the figure; (2) a semicircle
with radius R; (3) Another segment with length L
parallel to the x-axis.
Find the total magnetic force on this conductor.
Force on section (1) of wire is zero

Magnitude of force on the second segment of wire

Total x-component of force over entire length of semi circular section:
𝜋
𝐹 1 𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝐹 1 𝑥 =∫ 𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃=0
0
 Example 4 continue……..
Total y-component of force over entire length of semi
circular section:

𝐹 1 𝑦 =∫ 𝑑𝐹 1 𝑦 ¿∫ 𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃 ¿ 2 𝐼𝑅𝐵
𝜋

⃗
𝐹 1 =2 𝐼𝑅𝐵 ^𝑗
Magnitude of force on the third segment of wire:
⃗
𝐹 2=𝐼𝑙𝐵 ^𝑗

Net force on the wire ⃗

𝐹 =⃗
𝐹 1+ ⃗
𝐹 2 ¿ ( 2 𝐼𝑅𝐵+ 𝐼𝑙𝐵 ) ^𝑗
Application of Magnetic force on current carrying
wire: Loudspeakers

 Signal from the amplifier (current) passes through the voice coils and experience force from the
magnetic field.
 The signal causes the current in the coil to oscillate in magnitude and direction and force on the
coil also varies.
 Speaker cone is attached to the coil, so it also oscillates in tune with the coil.
 Test Question 2009
Figure shows a current carrying conductor RS of length 2m placed at right angles
to a magnetic field of strength 0.5 T. The conductor experiences a force of 1N
(Fig). The magnitude and direction of current is:

𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼 ⃗𝑙 × ⃗
⃗ 𝐵
1=𝐼  20.5
¿1 𝐴
 Example 5

A uniform magnetic field is directed

perpendicular to the plane of the figure as
shown. A battery is to be connected to the two
rails so that when the switch is closed, current
flows through the bar and causes a magnetic
force to push the bar to the right.

In which orientation, A or B should the battery

be placed in the circuit?
 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
At this moment
| | |𝐹 |=𝐼𝑎𝐵
⃗
𝐹 𝑃𝑄 = ⃗
𝑅𝑆

F Net Force on the loop = 0

I I
F a Net torque

𝜏=𝐼𝑎𝐵𝑏 ¿ 𝐼𝑎𝑏𝐵
¿ 𝐼 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝× 𝐵
b
⃗𝜏 =𝐼 ⃗
𝐴× ⃗
𝐵
 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
F’ At this moment
| | |𝐹 |=𝐼𝑎𝐵
⃗
𝐹𝑃𝑄 = ⃗
𝑅𝑆
F
I Net Force on the loop = 0
Net torque
I
F 𝜏=𝐼𝑎𝐵 × 0 ¿ 0

F’
 Force and Torque on a Current Loop

I I
F F a

b
Force and Torque on a Current Loop
 Force and Torque on a Current Loop

⃗𝜏 =𝑟⃗ × ⃗
𝐹
𝑏
|𝜏⃗ 𝑃𝑄|=|𝑟 × 𝐹 𝑃𝑄|¿ 𝐹 𝑃𝑄 2 sin 𝜙
⃗ ⃗

𝑏
¿ 𝐼𝑎𝐵 sin 𝜙
2
𝑏
|𝜏⃗ 𝑅𝑆|=|𝑟 × 𝐹 𝑅𝑆| ¿ 𝐼𝑎𝐵 2 sin 𝜙
⃗ ⃗

|𝜏⃗ 𝑛𝑒𝑡|=|𝜏⃗ 𝑃𝑄|+|𝜏⃗ 𝑅𝑆|

¿
|𝜏⃗ 𝑛𝑒𝑡|= 𝐼𝐵𝐴sin 𝜙
24