Frequency Analysis Of

Signals & Systems

RYAN D. REAS, MECE

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department
Eastern Visayas State University
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The Z-Transform
Continuous Time Signal – Laplace Transform

Discrete Time Signal – Z Transform

Direct Z-Transform

z – is a complex variable

Note: Since the z-transform is an infinite power series, it exist only for those
values of z for which the series converges.
The Z-Transform
Region of Convergence of X(z)
Is the set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a finite value. Thus it
should also indicate the ROC for every X(z).

Z-Plane
z = rejω
The Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the following finite-duration signals

a. x(n) = { 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

b. x(n) = { 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

c. x(n) = { 2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1}

d. x(n) = δ(n)

e. x(n) = δ(n-k) k>0

f. x(n) = δ(n+k) k>0

The Z-Transform
a. x(n) = { 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

Ans: ROC entire z except z = 0

b. x(n) = { 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

Ans: ROC entire z except z = 0 & z =

∞

c. x(n) = { 2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1}

Ans: ROC entire z except z = 0 & z =

∞
The Z-Transform
d. x(n) = δ(n)

Ans: Entire Z - plane

e. x(n) = δ(n-k) k>0

Ans: Entire Z – plane except z = 0

f. x(n) = δ(n+k) k>0

Ans: Entire Z – plane except z = 0 & z = ∞

The Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)
The Z-Transform Causal & Anti
Causal
Finding the ROC is equivalent to determining the range of values of r for
which the sequence is absolutely summable

Let z = rejɵ

If X(z) converges in some region of the complex plane, both the summation
must be finite in that region
The Z-Transform & Its Properties
r1
ROC of

The ROC consist of all points in a circle of some

radius r1 where r < r1 < ∞
r2
ROC of

The ROC consist of all points outside a circle

of some radius r2 where r > r2
The Z-Transform & Its Properties
General ROC of X(z)

r2 < r < r 1
The Z-Transform of Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
The Z-Transform of Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
The Z-Transform of Anti-Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
The Z-Transform of Anti-Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
The Z-Transform of Causal vs
Anti-Causal
Example

Causal

Anti-Causal
The Z-Transform of Causal vs
Anti-Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
The Z-Transform of Causal vs
Anti-Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
The Z-Transform ROC
Finite Signals
The Z-Transform ROC
Infinite Signals
Properties of Z-Transform
1. Linearity
Properties of Z-Transform
1. Linearity

If Then

The ROC of the overall z-transform is at least the intersection of the ROC on
the individual transform
Properties of Z-Transform
Example
Find the z-transform of x(n)
Properties of Z-Transform
Cont.
Properties of Z-Transform
2. Time Shifting

If The ROC of z-kX(z) is the same as X(z)

except for z = 0 if k > 0 and z = ∞ if k < 0

Then
Properties of Z-Transform 1

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Example 0.2

Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)

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Properties of Z-Transform 1

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Example 0.2

Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)

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4  1 
X  z   1  z  
 
1  z 
1

1  z 4
X z  1
ROC @ z 1
1 z
Properties of Z-Transform
3. Scaling in z-domain

If Then

ROC: |a|r1 < |z| < |a|r2

PROOF:
Properties of Z-Transform
4. Time Reversal

If Then

ROC: 1/r2 < |z| < 1/r1

PROOF:
Properties of Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)
Properties of Z-Transform
5. Differentiation in the z-domain

If Then

ROC: same with X(z)

6. Convolution

If Then

ROC: ROC{X1(z)} ∩ ROC{X2(z)}

Properties of Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)
Properties of Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)
Properties of Z-Transform
Cont.
Properties of Z-Transform
Cont.

ROC@ entire z-plane except z=0

From previous example

y(n) = x(n) ⃰ h(n)

x(n) = {1 2 3 1} h(n) = {1 2 1 -1}

Resulting convolution sum

y(n) = { 0 1 4 8 8 3 -2 -1 0 0 …}
Properties of Z-Transform
7. Initial Value Theorem

if x(n) is causal

8. Multiplication of two sequences

Where C is a closed contour that encloses the origin

lies within the region of convergence common to
both X1(v) and X2(1/v)
Common Z-Transform of x(n)
ROC

All z

All z except z = 0

|z| > 1

|z| > |a|

|z| < |a|

|z| > |a|

Common Z-Transform of x(n)
ROC

|z| < |a|

|z| > 1

|z| > 1

|z| > |a|

|z| > |a|

Rational Z-Transform of x(n)

Zeros of X(z) Poles of X(z)

Roots of N(z) Roots of D(z)
z1, z2, z3, .... Zk p1, p2, p3, .... pk
Rational Z-Transform of x(n)
Notes
1. X(z) has M finite zeros and N finite poles
2. There are |N-M| zeros if N>M or poles if M>N
3. A zeros exist at inifinity if X(∞) = 0
4. A poles exist at inifinity if X(∞) = ∞