The Z-Transform

Roxcella Y. Tenedero-Reas
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department
Eastern Visayas State University
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The Z-Transform
Continuous Time Signal – Laplace Transform

Discrete Time Signal – Z Transform

Direct Z-Transform

X z  
n 
x z n–isz an complex variable

Note: Since the z-transform is an infinite power series, it exist only for those
values of z for which the series converges.
The Z-Transform
Region of Convergence of X(z)
Is the set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a finite value. Thus it
should also indicate the ROC for every X(z).

Z-Plane
z = rejω
The Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the following finite-duration signals

a. x(n) = { 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

b. x(n) = { 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

c. x(n) = { 2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1}

d. x(n) = δ(n)

e. x(n) = δ(n-k) k>0

f. x(n) = δ(n+k) k>0

The Z-Transform
a. x(n) = { 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

Ans: X  z   1  2 z 1  5 z 2  7 z 3  z 5 ROC entire z except z = 0

b. x(n) = { 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

Ans: X  z   z 2  2 z1  5  7 z 1  z 3 ROC entire z except z = 0 & z =

∞

c. x(n) = { 2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1}
X  z   2 z 2  4 z 1  5  7 z 1  z 3
Ans: ROC entire z except z = 0 & z =
∞
The Z-Transform
d. x(n) = δ(n)

Ans: X  z   1 Entire Z - plane

e. x(n) = δ(n-k) k>0

Ans: X  z   z  k k 0 Entire Z – plane except z = 0

f. x(n) = δ(n+k) k>0

Ans: X  z   z k k 0 Entire Z – plane except z = 0 & z = ∞

The Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)
n
1
x ( n)    u  n  X  z   1  A  A2  ...   A 
n
2
AX  z   A  A2  A3  ...   A 
n n 1

1
X  z      z n
n 0  2 
X  z   AX  z   1
n
1 1 1 2 1
X z  1 z  z  ...    z  n 1 1 1
2 4 2
  X  z    ROC z 
1  A 1  1 z 1 2
1
Let A  z 1 2
2
The Z-Transform Causal & Anti
Causal
Finding the ROC is equivalent to determining the range of values of r for
which the sequence is absolutely summable

Let z = rejɵ

x  n   re j  x n
n
X  z  z  re j  
n  X z 
1

 x n  r n


rn
X z  
n  n 0
@ ROC
  x n 
X  z    x  n  r  
  n
 x  n  re 
n
X z 
n 
j
  x n  r
n 
n

n 1 n 0 rn

If X(z) converges in some region of the complex plane, both the summation
must be finite in that region
The Z-Transform & Its Properties
 r1
ROC of  x  n  r
n 1
n

The ROC consist of all points in a circle of some

radius r1 where r < r1 < ∞
 x n r2
ROC of 
n 0 rn

The ROC consist of all points outside a circle

of some radius r2 where r > r2
The Z-Transform & Its Properties
General ROC of X(z)

    x  n  
ROC  x  n  r n   ROC  n 
 n 1   n 0 r 
r2 < r < r 1
The Z-Transform of Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)

X  z   1  A  A  ...   A 
2 n
x ( n)   a  u  n 
n

AX  z   A  A2  A3  ...   A 
 n 1
X  z    a  z
n n

X  z   AX  z   1
n 0

X  z   1  az  a z  ...   a  z
1 2 2 n n

1 1
Let Aaz 1
X z   ROC z a
1  A 1  az 1
The Z-Transform of Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
1
x ( n)   a  u  n  
n
ROC z a
1  az 1
The Z-Transform of Anti-Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
 0 n  0 X z    A  A  A2  ...  A n 
    
x(n)   a  u  n  1   n
n

a n  1

AX  z    A  A  A  A2  ...   A  
n
1 1
z  n     a 1 z 
n
X z    a 
n
 
n  n 
X  z   AX  z   A
Let l   n
A a 1 z  1  1
X z 

X  z     a 1 z   
l
 
l 0
1  A 1  a 1 z  az 1  1  a 1 z
Let A  a 1 z 1
X z  1
ROC z  a

1  az
X  z    Al
l 1
The Z-Transform of Anti-Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
1
x(n)   a  u  n  1 
n
ROC z a
1  az 1
The Z-Transform of Causal vs
Anti-Causal
Example

Causal
1
x ( n)   a  u  n  
n
ROC z a
1  az 1
Anti-Causal
1
x(n)   a  u  n  1 
n
ROC z a
1  az 1

Z  a  u  n   Z  a  u  n  1
n n

   
The Z-Transform of Causal vs
Anti-Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)

x(n)  a nu  n   b nu  n  1 
1
   az 1 n

1  az 1
X  z     a   b nu  n  1 z  n
 n n 0

n 
  ROC z a
 1
X  z    a  z  z
n n n n
 b

1
 
n 0 n  1 l
  b z 
1  bz 1
    b z 
n l
X  z    az 1 1 l 1

n 0 l 1 ROC z b
The Z-Transform of Causal vs
Anti-Causal
Example
Determine the ROC of the z-transform of the signal x(n)
x(n)  a nu  n   b nu  n  1
1 1
X z  
1  az 1 1  bz 1
ROC a  z b
The Z-Transform ROC
Finite Signals
The Z-Transform ROC
Infinite Signals
Properties of Z-Transform
1. Linearity

x  n   a1 x1  n   a2 x2  n 

X z  
n 
 a1 x1  n   a2 x2  n  z  n

X z  
n 
 a1 x1  n  z  n  a2 x2  n  z  n 
 
X z  
n 
 a1 x1  n  z  
n

n 
 a2 x2  n  z  n
Properties of Z-Transform
1. Linearity

If Then
z
x1  n   X 1  z  x  n   a1 x1  n   a2 x2  n 
X  z   a1 X 1  z   a2 X 2  z 
z
x2  n   X 2  z 

The ROC of the overall z-transform is at least the intersection of the ROC on
the individual transform
Properties of Z-Transform
Example
Find the z-transform of x(n)

x  n   3 x1  n   4 x2  n 
x1  n   2n x2  n   3n
z 1
From x n  a  X  z 
n
1
ROC @ z 2
1  az
z 1
x1  n   2  X 1  z  
n
1
ROC @ z 2
1 2z
z 1
x2  n   3  X 2  z  
n
1
ROC @ z 3
1  3z
Properties of Z-Transform
Cont.

x  n   3 x1  n   4 x2  n 
x1  n   2n x2  n   3n
 1   1 
x n   3 1 
 4 1 
 1  2 z   1  3 z 
3 4
x n   1
 1
ROC @ z 3
1 2z 1  3z
Properties of Z-Transform
2. Time Shifting

If The ROC of z-kX(z) is the same as X(z)

z except for z = 0 if k > 0 and z = ∞ if k < 0
x n  X  z 

Then z
x n  k   z X  z 
k
Properties of Z-Transform 1

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0.6

0.4

Example 0.2

Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5

x n   u n  5 1

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
z
u  n   1  z 1  z 2  ...  z  n
1
U z  1
ROC @ z  1
1 z
5
 1  z
X  z   z 5  1 
 1
ROC @ z 1
1  z  1  z
Properties of Z-Transform 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

Example 0.2

Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5

x n   u n   u n  4 0.5

1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Z u  n   ROC @ z  1 1 

1 4 
1 z X  z   1  z  
 
1  z 
1
Z u  n  4   z 4 Z u  n 
1  z 4
z  1 X  z   1  z 1 ROC @
4
z z 1
Z  u  n  4  
  1
ROC @
1 z
Properties of Z-Transform
3. Scaling in z-domain

If z Then z
x n   X  z  a x n   X a z
n
 1

ROC: |a|r1 < |z| < |a|r2


PROOF: Z  a x  n  
n
 a x n  z
n 
n n


Z  a x  n  
n

n 
x n  a n z n


 x n  a z 
n
Z  a x  n  
n 1

n 
Properties of Z-Transform
4. Time Reversal

If z Then
z
x n  X  z  x  n   X z 1  
ROC: 1/r2 < |z| < 1/r1
 

PROOF:
Z  x  n   
n 
x  n  z  n Z  x l   
n 
x l  z l
l
Let l  n 
Z  x l     
x l  z 1
n 
Properties of Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)
x  n   2 n u  n 
z 1 1
x1  n   2 u  n   X 1  z  
n
ROC @ z 
1 2
1  z 1
2
z 1 1
x  n   2 u  n   X  z  
n
ROC @ z 
1 1 1 2
1 z 
2
1 1
X z  ROC @ z 
1 2z 2
Properties of Z-Transform
5. Differentiation in the z-domain
z z d
If
x n   X  z 
Then
nx  n   z X  z 
dz
ROC: same with X(z)

6. Convolution
z

If x1  n   X 1  zThen
 z
z x1  n   x2  n   X 1  z  X 2  z 
x2  n   X 2  z 
ROC: ROC{X1(z)} ∩ ROC{X2(z)}
Properties of Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)
x  n   na n u  n 
z 1
From x1  n   a u  n   X 1  z  
n
1
ROC @ z  a
1  az
1 d d
d  1  1  az  1  1 1  az 1 
dz dz
X z  z  
dz 1  az 1  1  az 
1
2

az 1
X z  ROC @ za
1  az 
2
1
Properties of Z-Transform
Example
Determine the z-transform of the signal x(n)
x  n   x1  n   x2  n 
x1  n   1, 2,3,1 x2  n   1, 2, 2, 1

X 1  z   1  2 z 1  3 z 2  z 3
X 2  z   z  2  2 z 1  z 2

X  z   X 1  z  X 2  z   1  2 z 1  3 z 2  z 3  z  2  2 z 1  z 2 
Properties of Z-Transform
Cont.

1  2 z 1  3z 2  z 3
z  2  1z 1  z 2
 z 2  2 z 3  3 z 4  z 5
1z 1  2 z 2  3 z 3  1z 4
2  4 z 1  6 z 2  2 z 3
z  2  3z 1  z 2
z  4  8 z 1  8 z 2  3z 3  2 z 4  z 5
Properties of Z-Transform
Cont.
X  z   z  4  8 z 1  8 z 2  3z 3  2 z 4  z 5
ROC@ entire z-plane except z=0

From previous example

y(n) = x(n) ⃰ h(n)

x(n) = {1 2 3 1} h(n) = {1 2 1 -1}

Resulting convolution sum

y(n) = { 0 1 4 8 8 3 -2 -1 0 0 …}
Properties of Z-Transform
7. Initial Value Theorem

x  0   lim Xif x(n)

 z is causal
z 

8. Multiplication of two sequences

z
x1  n   X 1  Where
z C is a closed contour that encloses the origin
z lies within the region of convergence common to
x2  n   X 2 both
z  X1(v) and X2(1/v)
z 1  z  1
x  n   x1  n  x2  n   
 X 1 v  X 2   v dv
2 j c v
Common Z-Transform of x(n)
x n X z ROC

 n 1 All z
 n  k  z k
All z except z = 0
1
u n
1  z 1 |z| > 1
1
a nu  n 
1  az 1 |z| > |a|
1
a nu   n  1
1  az 1 |z| < |a|
az 1
na nu  n  |z| > |a|
1  az 1 
2
Common Z-Transform of x(n)
ROC
x n X z
az 1 |z| < |a|
na u  n  1
n

1  az 
2
1

1  z 1 cos o
 cos o n  u  n  |z| > 1
1  2 z 1 cos o  z 2
z 1 sin o
sin o n  u  n 
1  2|z|
z 1>cos
1   z 2
o

1  az 1 cos o
a n
cos o n  u  n  |z| > |a|
1  2az 1 cos o  a 2 z 2
az 1 sin o
a n
sin o n  u  n  |z|1 > |a|
1  2az cos o  a 2 z 2
Rational Z-Transform of x(n)
N z b0  b1 z 1  ...  bM z M
X z  
D  z  a0  a1 z 1  ...  a N z N
N z  z  z1  z  z2 ....  z  z M 
X z  
D  z   z  p1  z  p2  ....  z  pM 
M M

N z b z k
k
z  z k
X z   k 0
 k 1

Dz M N

a z
k 0
k
k
z  p 
k 1
k

Zeros of X(z) Poles of X(z)

Roots of N(z) Roots of D(z)
z1, z2, z3, .... Zk p1, p2, p3, .... pk
Rational Z-Transform of x(n)
Notes
1. X(z) has M finite zeros and N finite poles
2. There are |N-M| zeros if N>M or poles if M>N
3. A zeros exist at inifinity if X(∞) = 0
4. A poles exist at inifinity if X(∞) = ∞