BIOLOGICAL

EVIDENCE
GROUP 2
 TOPIC OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION HOW TO COLLECT

TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL WHERE TO COLLECT

EVIDENCE

SIGNIFICANCE OF
EXPLAIN ALL TYPES EVIDENCE

HOW TO EXAMINE CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Biological evidence can be referred as biological
materials or substances such as hair, tissue, bones,
teeth, blood, semen or other bodily fluids including
items containing biological material and used to
corroborate and provide mean of proofing
statement or claims in trials. Biological Evidence
means evidence that is recovered from a crime
scene, including but not limited to blood, saliva,
sperm, hair, tissue, bones, teeth, or other bodily
fluids.
Situations in which forensic biological
evidence may be important
• Crimes against a person
– homicide
– assault
– rape/ or other sexual assaults
– criminal paternity
– terrorism
• Crimes against property
– burglary
• Mass Fatality Incidents
• Motor Vehicle Incident
• Paternity/Kinship
Each type of biological evidence
has a unique importance and its
own probative value. Ordinarily,
biological evidence are
photographed or collected from
crime scene and sent to the
laboratory for a DNA
investigation. The DNA specific
to each individual is an effective
means of identification.
 Biological evidence may be detected by any of the
following:

-Visual inspection.
-Alternate light source.
-Chemical enhancement, such as luminol.
TYPES OF
BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
BLOOD HAIR
VAGINAL
SECRETION
 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
FECAL
BONE
MATERIAL
SEMEN
 HOW TO EXAMINE
BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
EXAMINATION OF BLOOD
EXAMINATION OF BLOOD
There are a few things to keep in mind when analyzing the blood stains
at the crime scene.
1. Whether the stain is blood or any other substance
2. If it is blood, is it animal or human origin

3. From which part of the body has the blood originated

4. What is the blood group
5. Can paternity be established by blood test
EXAMINATION OF SEMEN
 They have two semen examination in lab.
First: Presumptive test

• AP Test or Acid phosphatase

Alternative light source ( ALS )
Florence test
Barberio test
 Second: Confirmatory test
- Microscopic analysis Prostate specific antigen PSA (P30)
EXAMINATION OF SALIVA
STARCH-IODINE PHADEBAS
TEST TESTS
EXAMINATION OF HAIR
EXAMINATION OF BONES
EXAMINATION OF URINE
HOW TO COLLECT
BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
Collecting Evidence

• Investigators should perform the

evidence collection process in a
systematic and careful manner.
Condition of sample  Location  Collection

Liquid  Scene/ Swap the surface with a  sterile cotton chip. A

hospital  small  box container should be used  to store
the swab blood after  Air dry.

clot  Scene  Collect cloth in test tube and  add equal volume

of saline  transfer onto cotton cloth  and dry.

wet  clothing  Air dry at room temperature  and package in

a paper bag
HOW TO COLLECT THE BLOOD SAMPLE
HOW TO COLLECT SEMEN SAMPLE

Condition of Sample  Location  Collection

Evidence collection using swabbing

Liquid  Victim  Collect sample with swabs  and should be
air dried and  packed in paper envelops

Stain  Victim  Collect sample with swabs  and should be

air dried and  packed in paper
envelops  instead of airtight
plastic  containers.

Liquid  Scene  Transfer on to cotton cloth  Air dry

Wet  Clothing  Air dry at room temperature  and package

in a paper bag  avoid direct heat.
 HOW TO COLLECT SEMEN SAMPLE
Condition of Sample  Location  Collection

Liquid  Victim  Collect sample with swabs  and

should be air dried and  packed in
paper envelops

Stain  Victim  Collect sample with swabs  and

should be air dried and  packed in
paper envelops  instead of airtight
plastic  containers.

Liquid  Scene  Transfer on to cotton cloth  Air

dry

Wet  Clothing  Air dry at room temperature  and

package in a paper bag  avoid
direct heat.
HOW TO COLLECT SALIVA SAMPLE
Condition of sample  Location  Collection

Objects  Cigarette  Completely dry cigarette  ends and

pack separately in  paper bag or
envelope

Stain  Clothing  Cut the stain area,

package  separately

Objects  Cups of glasses  Should be sent after  wrapping it

with paper.
 HOW TO COLLECT HAIR SAMPLE
Condition of sample  Location  Collection

With tissue  Scene  Collect hair with tissue in  container and

keep  refrigerated

With blood  Scene  Air dry, collect in a paper  packet

With blood  Person  Sample of hair complete with  roots should

be taken collect  in a paper pocket
 HOW TO COLLECT BONE SAMPLE

Sample  Location  Collection

Bones  Crime Scene  Air dried at room  temperature seal th

items in  suitable cloth or paper
LOCATION OF (WHERE WE
USUALLY FOUND) BIOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE
SIGNIFICANCE
• The major importance of biological evidence
is that these types of evidences are
confirmatory in nature due to the presence
of DNA. Whereas other types of evidences
are corroborative in nature in which the
authenticity and its presence in crime scene
are established.
• Preserving biological evidence from crime scenes is
critically important because DNA can provide the
best evidence of innocence – or guilt – upon review
of a case. None of the nation's more than 350 DNA
exonerations would have been possible had the
biological evidence not been available to test.
CONCLUSION
• All types of biological evidence play a
important role in crime scene investigation.
• Collection and storage is very crucial step in
ensuring evidence is safely preserved and also
contamination avoided.
• Adhering to proper evidence collection and
preservation will help in retaining useful
information.
• Collect as much sample as possible from a
single source keep it concentrated.