Objectives

1. To show how to add forces and resolve

them into components using the
parallelogram law.
2. To express force and position in Cartesian
vector form and explain how to
determine the vector’s magnitude and
direction.
 Definitions
Scalar - A quantity characterized by
a positive or negative number is
called a scalar. Examples of scalars
used in Statics are mass, volume or
length.
 Definitions
Vector - A quantity that has both
magnitude and a direction. Examples of
vectors used in Statics are position,
force, and moment.
 Symbols
Vectors are denoted by a letter with an arrow
over it or a boldface letter such as A.
Symbols used for vectors:
r v
A or A

Denote magnitude by:

r
A or A
Vector Definitions
Magnitude and Multiplication of
Vector by Scalar

The magnitude of a quantity is always

positive.
If m is scalar quantity and it z multiplied
to a vector A we get mA.
What does it mean?
mA is vector having same direction as A
and magnitude equal to the ordinary
scalar product between the magnitude
of m and A.

what happens if m is negative?

Scalar Multiplication
Scalar Multiplication
Vector Addition
Vector addition is commutative and
associative.

How?
Vector Addition
Vector Addition
Vector Subtraction
Resolution of a Vector
 Trigonometry

c Law of Sines:
A B A B C
 
sin a sin b sin c

b a

Law of Cosines
C  A 2  B2  2 AB cosc
 Force
1. Force is a Vector Quantity
2. Forces Add as Vectors
 Parallelogram Law
1. Make a sketch showing vector addition using the
parallelogram law.
2. Determine the interior angles of the parallelogram
from the geometry of the problem.
3. Label all known and unknown angles and forces in
the sketch.
4. Redraw one half of the parallelogram to show the
triangular head-to-tail addition of the components
and apply laws of sines and cosines.
 Important Points
1. A scalar is a positive or negative number.
2. A vector is a quantity that has magnitude,
direction, and sense.
3. Multiplication or division of a vector by a
scalar will change the magnitude. The sense
will change if the scalar is negative.
4. If the vectors are collinear, the resultant is
formed by algebraic or scalar addition.
Example

The screw eye in the

figure at the left is
subjected to two forces F1
and F2. Determine the
magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.
Parallelogram
Law

Calculate angles
Angle COA = 900 -150-100 = 650

Angle OAB = 1800 -650= 1150

Triangular
Construction
 Find FR from law of cosines.
Find  from law of sines.
Angle  =  + 150

FR  (100) 2  (150) 2  2(100)(150) cos115 0

FR  10000  22500  30000( 0.4226)
FR  212.6N  213N
 150 212.6

sin  sin1150
150
sin   (0.9063)  0.6394
212.6
  sin 1 (0.6394)  39.750  39.80
    150
 Answer

The resultant force has a magnitude of

213 N and is directed 54.8o from the
horizontal.
Example

Resolve the 200 lb

force into
components in the
x and y directions
and in the x’ and y
directions
 y
y’

Resolve the 200 lb

F=200 lb
force into
components in the
x and y directions
and in the x’ and y 400
x
directions

300 x’
Parallelogram
Law
Triangular
Construction
 Solution – Part (a)
r r r
F  Fx  Fy

o
Fx  200 lb cos40  153lb
o
Fy  200 lb sin40  129 lb
Parallelogram
Law
 y

Fy 200 lb
500
500
400
300
600
Fx’

x’
Triangular
Construction
 r r r
200 lb
F  Fx   Fy
500

700 Fy

Fx’ 600
sin500
Fx '  200 0
 177 lb
sin60
Fx' 200

sin 50 0
sin 60 0 sin700
Fy  200 0
 217 lb
Fy 200 sin60

0
sin 70 sin 60 0
Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
r r r
F  Fx  Fy
Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces

r r r
F  Fx  Fy
Cartesian Notation

r
ˆ ˆ
F  Fx i  Fy j
Cartesian Notation
r
 
F  Fx ˆi  Fy  ˆj

r
F  Fx ˆi  Fy ˆj
Coplanar Force Resultants
Resolve into Cartesian Components

r
F1  F1x ˆi  F1y ˆj
r
F2   F2x ˆi  F2y ˆj
r
F3  F3x ˆi  F3y ˆj
 Add Components
r r r r
FR  F1  F2  F3
r
FR  F1x ˆi  F1y ˆj  F2x ˆi  F2y ˆj  F3x ˆi  F3y ˆj
r
FR  F1x ˆi  F2x ˆi  F3x ˆi  F1y ˆj  F2y ˆj  F3y ˆj
r
FR   F1x  F2x  F3x  ˆi   F1y  F2y  F3y  ˆj
r
FR  FRx ˆi  FRy ˆj
FRx   F1x  F2x  F3x 
FRy   F1y  F2 y  F3y 
FRx   Fx
FRy   Fy
r 2 2
FR  FR  FRx  FRy

1 FRy
  tan
FRx
 13
5

12
Special Triangles

5
3

4
  5  32  42
5 4 3
3 cos    0.8 sin    0.6
5 5
 3 4
cos    0.6 cos    0.8
5 5
4
  13 13  52  122
5 12 5
cos   sin  
 13 13
12 5 12
cos   cos  
13 13
Example

The link in the figure is

subjected to two forces,
F1 and F2. Determine the
resultant magnitude and
orientation of the
resultant force.
Scalar Solution
 Scalar Solution


 FR x   Fx
FR x  600cos 30o N  400sin45o N  236.8 N 

 FR y   Fy

FR y  600sin 30o N  400cos45o N  582.8 N 

1 
582.8 N  o
  tan    67.9
 236.8 N 
Cartesian Vector Solution
Cartesian Vector Solution
r
F  600cos 30 ˆi  600sin 30 ˆj  N
1
o o

r
F  600cos 30 ˆi  600sin 30 ˆj  N
2
o o

r r r
FR  F1  F2


 600cos 30o ˆi  600sin 30o ˆj N 
 
600cos 30o ˆi  600sin 30o ˆj N

r

FR  236.8iˆ  582.8jˆ N 