Organizing Qualitative

and Quantitative Data

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 MELCs
● Organize qualitative and
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quantitative data from

actual observations.
 Objectives

01 Create frequency distribution of a given.

problem.

02 Compute the central tendency of a given

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problem.

03 Cite the importance of organizing

quantitative and qualitative data.
 Analyzing Quantitative Data
● Statistical analysis of quantitative information can be
quite complex, but some relatively simple techniques
can provide useful information.
● Descriptive analysis is used to reduce your raw data
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down to an understandable level.

 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
Tables or charts that show how many of your participants fall into
various categories.
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 CENTRAL TENDENCY
The number that best represents the “typical score,” such as the
mean, median, and mode.
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 MODE
● The mode, symbolized Mo, is the most frequent score
● Here we have the number of items found by 11 children in a
scavenger hunt. What was the modal number of items found?

14, 6, 11, 8, 7, 20, 11, 3, 7, 5, 7

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 ACTIVITY 1
1. List the colors of each candy of NIPS milk
chocolate.

Example:

blue violet orange orange yellow

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green red red violet blue yellow blue

 ACTIVITY 1
COLOR FREQUENCY
2. Record the Red 2
NIPS CANDY COLORS

number of NIPS Blue 3

candy according Violet 2
to its color on a Orange 2
frequency table. Yellow 2
Red
Yellow
Blue
Green
Violet Orange
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Green 1
 MODE
SCORE FREQUENCY
● If there are not too many
20 1
numbers, a simple list of scores 14 1
will do. However, if there are 11 2
8 1
many scores, you will need to 7 3
put the scores in order and then 6 1
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5 1
create a frequency table.
3 1
 ACTIVITY 2
COLOR FREQUENCY
Using the data on the table, Red 2
identify the mode of the Blue 3
sample. Violet 2
Orange 2
Yellow 2
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Green 1
 MEDIAN
● The median, symbolized Mdn, is the middle score.
● It cuts the distribution in half, so that there are the same
number of scores above the median as there are below the
median.
20, 14, 11, 11, 8, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 3 Mdn = 8 + 7 = 15
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Mdn = 15 / 2 = 7.5
20, 14, 11, 11, 11, 8, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 3
 ACTIVITY 3
COLOR FREQUENCY
Using the data on the table, Green 1
identify the median of the Red 2
sample. Violet 2
Orange 2
Yellow 2
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Blue 3
 MEAN
● The mean, symbolized M
(for samples) or µ (for
populations), is the
average score.
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 = =9
MEAN
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 ACTIVITY 4
COLOR FREQUENCY
Using the data on the table, Green 1
identify the mean of the Red 2
sample. Violet 2
Orange 2
Yellow 2
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Blue 3
 VARIABILITY
Variability – amount of variation or disagreement in your results,
including the range and the standard deviation.
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 VARIABILITY
Standard Deviation – indicates how dispersed a range of numbers
or how close all the numbers are to the mean.
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 Inferential Analysis
EXAMPLES
● Used to help you draw ● For example, did
conclusions about your participants change in
results. important ways over
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time?
● The goal is to
● Were participants
determine whether
different from people
results are meaningful.
who did not receive
services?
 Inferential Analysis

● The meaningfulness of findings is typically described

in terms of “significance.”
● There are two common forms of significance.
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 Statistical Significance
 Clinical significance
 Statistical Significance
● Indicates whether a result is stronger than what
would have occurred due to random error.
● To be considered significant, there must be high
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probability that the results were not due to chance.

● When this occurs, we can infer that a relationship
between two variables is strong and reliable.
 Statistical Significance
● Several factors influence the likelihood of
significance:
 strength of the relationship
 amount of variability in the data
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 number of people in the sample

● Statistical significance can be difficult to obtain,

especially when data are available for a small number
of people.
 Clinical Significance
● Compares results to a pre-established standard that
has been determined to be meaningful
● Clinical significance is sometimes seen as having
more practical value, but only when there is a clear
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and rationale for establishing the underlying

standards.
 Statistical Tests
● Many statistical tests can be used to explore the
relationships found in your data.
● Common statistical tests include regression,
correlations, t-tests, and analyses of variance
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(ANOVA).
 Statistical Tests
● T-tests – compare the means of two groups of data to
assess whether they are different to a statistically
significant extent.
● ANOVA – compares the means of various groups but it
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allows to analyze a multiple groups.

● Correlation – assesses the relationship between two
variables.
● Regression – assesses the causal relationship between
variables.
 Analyzing Qualitative Data
● On its own, or in combination with quantitative
information, qualitative data can provide rich
information about how programs work.
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● The first step in analyzing qualitative information is to

reduce or simplify it. Because of its verbal nature,
simplification may be difficult.
 Analyzing Qualitative Data
● Important information may be interspersed throughout
interviews or focus group proceedings.
● During this stage, you must make important choices about
which information should be emphasized, minimized, or even
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left out of the analysis.

● It is important to remain focused on the questions that you are
trying to answer and the relevance of the information to these
questions.
 Analyzing Qualitative Data
● When analyzing qualitative data, look for trends or themes.
● Depending on the amount and type of data that you have, you
might want to code the responses to help you group the
comments into categories.
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● You can begin to develop a set of codes before you collect your
information, based on the theories or assumptions you have
about the anticipated responses.
 Analyzing Qualitative Data
● it is important to review and modify your codes as you proceed
to ensure that they reflect the actual findings.
● When you report the findings, the codes will help you identify the
most prevalent themes.
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● You might also want to identify quotes that best illustrate the
themes, for use in reports.
 "Research is to see what everybody else
has seen and to think what nobody else
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has thought."
- Albert Szent-Gyorgyi