Electric vehicles

Prepared and presented by

Mr.P.R.Bhatt
(H.O.D.Electrical,TDEC Surat)
 Electric vehicles
• Contents

• 1. History
• 2. Popular electric vehicles
• 3. Why?-EV
• 4.Overview
• 5.Electic vehicles –HEV,PHEV
• 6.Challenges
• 7.Motor drive technologies
• 8.Energy source technologies
• 9.Vehicles to grid
• 10.Types of charging technologies
 Electric vehicles

History
 Electric vehicles
• Popular electric vehicles:
 Electric vehicles-Why?

• Sustainable transport means zero emission

vehicles

• Well to wheel efficiency is better than

conventional vehicles
 Electric vehicles-Overview
•Types of electric vehicles:

• 1.Propulsion devices
• (a) Pure electric vehicles (PEV)

• - BEV (Battery)
• -FCEV (Battery +Fuel cell)
• -UCEV (Battery +UC) * UC –Ultra capacitor
• -UFEV(Battery +UF) * UF –Ultra flywheel

• (b) Hybrid electric vehicles(HEV)

Conventional

- Micro (ISG 3 -5 KW,14-42 V)

-Mild (ISG 7-15 KW,100-150 V) (ISG –integrated starter generator)
-Full (ISG 50-60 KW, 500-600 V)
Rating of electric motor is low & IC engine is high)

Grid able HEV

- Plug in (PHEV)
- Range extended (REV)
Rating of electric motor is high & IC engine is low)
 Electric vehicles-Overview
• 2.Energy sources

• (a) Battery – BEV

• (b) Liquid Fuel & Battery- HEV

• (c) Battery and fuel cells-FCEV

• 3.Energy carriers

• (a) For battery –electricity

• (b) For Fuel cell -Hydrogen

Electric vehicles-HEV
Electric vehicles-PHEV
Electric vehicles-HEV V/S PHEV
 Electric vehicles-HEV
• Conventional full hybrid HEV
• Series hybrid
• Parallel hybrid
• Series Parallel hybrid
• Complex hybrid
 Electric vehicles-HEV
• Series hybrid
 Electric vehicles-HEV
• Parallel hybrid
 Electric vehicles-HEV
Series Parallel
 Electric vehicles-HEV
• Complex

The key difference is the bi-directional power flow of the electric motor in complex
hybrid and the unidirectional power flow of the generator in the series-parallel
hybrid.
 Electric vehicles-Challenges
• A. BEV

• 1.Limited driving range

• 2.High initial cost
• 3.Lack of charging infrastructure

• B. Conventional HEV

• 1.Non zero emissions

• 2. System is very complex
• 3. System is quite heavy and bulky
 Electric vehicles-Challenges
• C. Grid able HEV

• Required installation cost

• Initial cost is more

• D.Fuel cell EV

• High initial cost

• Lack of hydrogen refilling
• Storage and safety
 Electric vehicles-Challenges
• E. Ultra capacitors/Ultra flywheels

• Costly
• Low specific energy
• Safety concerns
Electric vehicles-Motor drive technologies

• IC engine based vehicle requires clutch,

multiple gears and a differential. On the other
hand, the battery electric vehicle does not
require clutch and only fixed gears are used.

• The maximum torque requirement of an EV motor

is four to five times the rated torque of the motor
for starting, hill climbing, overtaking, etc.
 Electric vehicles-Motor drive technologies
• EV motor should be having high torque density and
high power density.

• It should operate in a very wide speed range that is low speed constant torque region and high
speed constant power region.

• There is a requirement for high reliability and robustness.

• It should be less costly for mass vehicles.

• If the electric motor is used for HEV application, it should also deliver high efficiency during
regenerative braking.

• It should maintain good voltage regulation in wide speed generation.

• It should also be capable of being integrated with a IC engine.

Electric vehicles-Motor drive technologies
• BLDC motors are used up to typical
power rating of 15 kilowatt and
above that, surface mounted
PMSM is preferred.
• Surface mounted permanent
magnet synchronous machine is
used at power rating greater than
15 kilowatt. So in these type of
motors, the stator is similar to the
one used in induction machine but
the rotor is fitted with permanent
magnets.
Electric vehicles-Energy source technologies

• Batteries
• Ultra capacitors
• Ultra flywheels
• Fuel cells
Electric vehicles-Energy source technologies
• Batteries
• VRLA (Voltage regulated lead acid)
• Ni-Cd (Nickel cadmium)
• Ni-Zn(Nickel Zinc)
• Ni-mH(Nickel metal hydride)
• Zn/air (Zinc/ air)
• Sodium sulphur (Na/s)
• Sodium Nickel chloride (Na/NiCl2)
• Li-ion(Lithium ion)

• The most popular battery nowadays is lithium ion battery.

Electric vehicles-Energy source technologies

• Comparison of batteries
• Specific energy
• Specific power
• Cycle life
• Cost
• Safety
Electric vehicles-Energy source technologies

• Fuel cells
• Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)
• Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
• Phosphate acid fuel cell (PAFC)
• Molten carbonate fuel cell(MCFC)
• Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
 Electric vehicles-Vehicle to grid
• Interaction of EV to power grid
Electric vehicles-Vehicle to grid
Electric vehicles-Vehicle to grid
Electric vehicles-Vehicle to grid
Electric vehicles-Vehicle to grid
Impacts
Electric vehicles-Types of charging systems

• Normal charging
• (1-ph ac ,110-240 V,13-20 A,2-4 KW)
• Opportunity charging..(At public places/parks)
• (3 –ph ac ,110-240 V,32-80 A,8-20 KW)
• Fast charging
• (DC 200-450 V,80-200 A,36-90 KW)
• Battery swapping
 Electric vehicles-Types of charging
technologies
• Constant Current
• Constant Voltage
• Constant current constant voltage
• Trickle charging
 Electric vehicles-Types of charging
technologies
• 1. Conductive charging
 Electric vehicles-Types of charging
technologies
• 2. Inductive charging
Thank you
Video