Basic Conception & Digital Technolohy

Edan Instruments,Inc.
Ultrasonic Imaging System
www.edan.com.cn
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Jan.,29,2010
Conception
Gray Scale
Gray scale is the pixel scale in the image. Such as 64 gray scale in the
previous years, but now 256 gray scale are widely applied.

The more gray scales

 the better layered structure

the more detailed structure.

Gray scale bar

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Conception
Resolution
The capability of ultrasonic device to distinguish the minimum distance
between two points.

 Longitudinal resolution ：

To distinguish the minimum distance along the

axial, it relates to Frequency.

 Transverse resolution ：

To distinguish the minimum distance along the

lateral, it relates to the width of sound beam.

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Conception
Longitudinal resolution

the higher frequency

the better resolution

the lower frequency

the better penetrability.

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Conception
Gain

 It is the power of the amplifier.

 The ratio of output power from an amplifier system, to the input power.

 Gain is normally measured in dB （ decibel ）

 The higher gain to obtain more amplified signal, but background noise is
amplified at the same time.

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Conception
Frame Rate

 Frame rate is also refer to the speed at which the image is refreshed, most
often expressed in frames per second (FPS)

 The 24p frame rate is a noninterlaced format, and is now widely adopted by
those planning on transferring a video signal to film. The 24 frame/x rate
became the de facto standard for sound motion pictures since 1920s.

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Conception
Imaging Processing

Imaging Processing ：

 Pre-processing
 Post-processing

Differences between pre-processing and post-processing in a

device with DSC (digital scan convertor):

 pre-processing is the processing before DSC

 post-processing is the processing after DSC

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Conception
Imaging Processing

Transmit
Transducer
Receive Amplify Beam Former

Keyboard and I/O CPU Signal Processing

Pre-processing

Display Image Processing Digital Scan Converter

Post-processing

Power Supply

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Conception
Imaging Processing

pre-processing ：

 Dynamic range \ edge enhancement \ frame correlation\ line correlation \

smooth \ AGC \ TGC etc..
 contribute noise resistance for better image clarity.

post-processing ：

 Gamma correction \ L-R reverse\ U-D reverse

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Conception
pre-processing

Edge Enhancement ：

 An image processing filter that can enhance the edge contrast of an image
in an attempt to improve its acutance (apparent sharpness).

 The filter works by identifying sharp edge boundaries in the image, such as
the edge between a subject and a background of a contrasting color, and
increasing the image contrast in the area immediately around the edge.

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Conception
pre-processing

Line Average:

 it is the technique to minimize image noise by averaging every scanning line,

by which to improve the image quality.

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Conception
post-imaging process
gamma correction

 To amend nonlinear distortion

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Conception
post-imaging process

Map reverse

 To strengthen or restrain certain part of the signal in the image in purpose.

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Digital Technology

Digital Technologies

 Tissue Harmonic imaging (THI)

 Tissue Specific Imaging (TSI)
 Digital Beam-forming (DBF)
 Dynamic Frequency Scan (DFS)
 Dynamic Receiving Focusing (DRF)
 Real-time Dynamic Aperture (RDA)
 Dynamic Receiving Apodization (DRA)

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Digital Technology
Digital Technologies

　 Resolution Penetration Contrast

TSI Yes / Yes

THI Yes / Yes

DRF Yes / Yes

DBF Yes / Yes

DFS Yes Yes /

DRA Yes Yes /

RDA / Yes Yes

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Digital Technology
Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI)
 Fundamental Wave
Also called First Harmonic, generated from an oscillation, such as transducer.

 Harmonic wave
The ultrasonic wave consist of different component frequencies through the
propagation. Harmonic wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an
integer multiple of the fundamental frequency, such as Second Harmonic, Third
Harmonic.

 Second Harmonic Wave

Second Harmonic Waves are twice frequency of the fundamental waveform.

Second harmonic waves generated on propagation of the US beam through

matter to improve image quality and resolve small anatomic structures and
details. But since the signal is too weak to capture, so harmonic imaging
technique is necessary.

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Digital Technology
Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI)

Tissue Harmonic Imaging of gallbladder

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Digital Technology
Tissue Specific Imaging (TSI)

 General, Muscle, Fatty and Fluid.

 Different Imaging parameter for specific tissue

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Thank you

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