Learning Outcomes

On completion of this chapter students should be able to:

• OB13 describe the function and composition of blood,

and know that blood contains white blood cells, red
blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma

• OB14 understand the structure and function of the heart,

identify the four chambers of the heart, and explain the
difference between the left and right ventricles

• OB15 describe the passage of blood through the heart

and lungs via arteries and veins, identify the pulmonary
artery and vein, aorta and vena cava, and distinguish
between arteries, veins and capillaries
 Learning Outcomes contd..
• OB16 demonstrate the effect of exercise and rest on
pulse rate and understand that a balance of each
promotes good health

• OB17 recall that the average pulse rate for an adult at

rest is 70 beats per minute, and explain why exercise
results in increased pulse and breathing rates
 Lesson 1

Composition of Blood
What is the circulatory system?
The Circulatory System is responsible for
transporting materials to and from different
places in the body.
It is made up of:
Blood consists of:
 Red Blood Cells
 Most numerous cell in
the body

 Small doughnut shape

 Contain haemoglobin
which transports
oxygen around the
body
 White Blood Cells
 Larger than red
blood cells but also
much fewer in
number

 Fights infection by
destroying bacteria
and viruses that
have invaded the
body
 Platelets
 Tiny fragments of
cells

 Cause blood to clot

by producing tiny
fibrinogen fibres

 These stretch across

a cut to stop bleeding
 Plasma
It also contains
useful things like:
• carbon dioxide
A straw-
coloured • glucose
liquid that
carries the • amino acids
cells and the • proteins
platelets
which help • minerals
blood clot. • vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials
 Functions of Blood
To transport food, oxygen and wastes

To transport heat to the skin to keep

the body temperature at 37°C.

To fight infection

 Lesson 2

Blood Vessels
 Blood vessels
There are 3 types of blood vessels found in
our body:
 Veins
Veins carry blood towards the heart
They have thin walls and a
wide inner cavity which allows
blood flow to the heart easily

They also contain valves which

stops the blood flowing
backwards
Wide inner
cavity (lumen)

veins with
valves
 Arteries
Arteries carry blood away from the heart

They have thick elastic walls

which allows them to stretch and
recoil at each heartbeat

These muscles contract to

push the blood along

No valves present Narrow inner Thick muscular

cavity (lumen) walls
 Capillaries
Capillaries link arteries and veins

Have very thin walls-just one cell

thick

Materials can be exchanged from

the blood to other body cells and
vice versa via capillaries

Wall just one

cell thick
 Lesson 3

The Structure of the Heart

 The Heart
The heart is a muscular pump that
transports blood around the body

It consists of 4 chambers:

Right atrium Left atrium

Right ventricle Left ventricle

YouTube video
 The Heart
Ventricles Atria
 The lower chambers  The upper chambers
 Receives blood from the  Receives blood from
atria veins
 Pumps blood out through  Pumps blood into
arteries ventricles
 Left ventricle has thick  Have thin walls
walls (more strength
required to pump blood
around the body)
 Structure of the Heart
Pulmonary Aorta
artery Pulmonary
vein
Vena Cava

Right Atrium
Left
Atrium

Right Ventricle Left

Ventricle
 How does the heart work?
1. Deoxygenated blood enters right
atrium via vena cava

2. Blood is pumped to right ventricle

and then to the lungs via the
pulmonary artery

3. Oxygenated blood enters left

atrium via pulmonary vein

4. Blood is pumped to left ventricle

where it leaves via the aorta
Pulmonary
Aorta
artery

Vena cava Pulmonary

Vein
 Tips for remembering
VEAL
Veins Enter, Arteries Leave

LORD
Left=Oxygenated, Right=Deoxygenated

Pulmonary = related to lungs

e.g. Pulmonary vein enters from lungs
 Lesson 4

The Pulse
&
How to demonstrate the effect
of exercise on the pulse
 The Pulse
Every time the heart contracts, the blood surges
forward in the arteries. By placing your fingers
over an artery, you can feel this pulse
 The Pulse
 For an adult the average pulse rate is 70
beats per minute (b.p.m.).
 Children have faster heartbeats than
adults.
 What happens to our pulse rate when we
exercise?
 Mandatory Practical
Title: to demonstrate the effect of exercise on the
pulse rate

Beats per minute at rest

vs.
Beats per minute after exercise
 Results
Beats per Person 1 Person 2
minute
At rest

Immediately
after exercise
3 minutes after
exercise
6 minutes after
exercise
 Conclusions
When a person
exercises, the muscles
need more oxygen to get
more energy from food.
A faster heartbeat
delivers oxygen to the
muscles quicker.
Exercise increases the
pulse rate.
 Why we need exercise
Exercising the heart makes it stronger and
reduces the likelihood of heart disease.
To prevent heart disease we should:
 Take regular exercise
 Never smoke
 Eat only small amounts
of saturated (animal) fats
 Assessment
The circulatory system is made up of blood,
blood vessels and the _____.
Arteries _____ the heart and ______ enter the
heart.
The capillaries ______ arteries and veins.
Blood is made up of red blood cells which carry
_____, white blood cells which fight _______,
platelets which causes blood to _____ and
______ which is the liquid part of blood.
The heart is made up of _____ chambers, 2 atria
and 2 ventricles.
 Solutions
The circulatory system is made up of blood,
blood vessels and the heart.
Veins enter the heart; arteries leave the heart
and
The capillaries link arteries and veins.
Blood is made up of red blood cells which carry
oxygen, white blood cells which fight infection,
platelets which causes blood to clot and
plasma which is the liquid part of blood.
The heart is made up of four chambers, 2 atria
and 2 ventricles.
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