Data Collection and Presentation

TYPES OF DATA

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

DATA PRESENTATION
 TYPES OF DATA
Data that are collected directly by
Prima ry D a t a the researcher himself/herself.

● Direct observation or measurement

● Survey/Interview
● Experimentation
 TYPES OF DATA
Data that refer to information which
Se co n da ry D a t a are taken from published or
unpublished materials that had
been previously gathered by other
individuals or researchers
● Journals
● Newspapers
● Theses and Dissertations
● Published and Unpublished research papers
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Pro b ab il it y Every member of the population
S a mp lin g has the chance of being selected.

● Simple Random Sampling

● Systematic Random Sampling
● Stratified Random Sampling
● Cluster Sampling
 Probability Sampling
1 Simple Random Sampling

In this case, each individual was

chosen entirely by chance and each
member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected.
 Simple Random Sampling
P O P U L AT I O
N
SAMPLE
A B C D E F G

H I J K L M N

O P Q R S T U

V W X Y Z
 Probability Sampling
2 Systematic Random Sampling

In Systematic Random Sampling, the

items or individuals are arranged in
some way (perhaps alphabetically or
other sort).
 Systematic Random Sampling
P O P U L AT I O
N
SAMPLE
A B C D E F G

H I J K L M N

O P Q R S T U

V W X Y Z
 Probability Sampling
3 Stratified Random Sampling

In this type of sampling, the population is first

divided into subsets called strata. Then samples
are selected proportionally from each stratum.

*That can be done though simple or systematic random sampling*

 Stratified Random Sampling
P O P U L AT I O
N
SAMPLE
A B C D E F G

H I J K L M N

O P Q R S T U

V W X Y Z
 Probability Sampling
4 Cluster Random Sampling

The population is first split into smaller groups

and then selecting some of those smaller groups
at random where the study would then be
concentrated
 Cluster Random Sampling
P O P U L AT I O
N
SAMPLE
A B C D E F G

H I J K L M N

O P Q R S T U

V W X Y Z
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
N o n- Pro ba bi lit y Not every member of the
S a mp lin g population has the chance of being
selected.

● Convenience Sampling
● Purposive Sampling
● Quota Sampling
● Snowball Sampling
 Non-Probability Sampling
1 Convenience Sampling

In this sampling, a sample is selected based on the

availability of the member and/or proximity to the
researcher. It is also known as accidental, opportunity
or grab sampling.
 Non-Probability Sampling
2 Purposive Sampling

Samples are chosen based on the goals of the

study. They may be chosen based on their
knowledge to the study being conducted or if they
satisfy the traits or conditions set by the
researcher
 Non-Probability Sampling
3 Quota Sampling

In this type, proportion of the groups in the

population were considered in the number and
selection of the respondents.
 Quota Sampling
P O P U L AT I O
N
SAMPLE
A B C D E F G

H I J K L M N

O P Q R S T U

V W X Y Z
 Non-Probability Sampling
4 Snowball Sampling

Participants in the study were tasked to recruit

other members for the study.
Snowball Sampling
 D ATA

P R E S E N TAT I O N

R a w d a t a are data collected in an investigation and they are not organized

systematically. Raw data that are presented in the form of a frequency distribution
are called G r o u p e d d a t a

Two methods in organizing the raw data

setting up an array

Setting up a Stem-and-Leaf diagram

The following data show the ages of 2003 record of diabetic patients in the
Ospital ng Maynila

59 50 52 38 80 62 77 56

60 61 58 62 51 36 54 18

71 54 44 52 26 63 58 56

41 34 61 50 60 53 62 62

53 43 63 71 65 79 45 66
I. Setting up an array from the largest to the smallest

80 79 77 71 71 66 66 66

63 63 62 62 62 62 61 61

60 60 59 58 58 55 54 54

53 53 52 52 50 50 50 45

44 43 41 38 36 34 26 18
II. Setting up an array from the smallest to largest

18 26 34 36 38 41 43 44

45 50 50 51 52 52 53 53

54 54 55 58 58 59 60 60

61 61 62 62 62 62 63 63

66 66 66 71 71 77 79 80
III. Setting up into Stem-and-Leaf

tens digits
units digits

1 8

2 6

3 4 6 8

4 1 3 4 5

5 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 8 8

6 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 6

7 1 1 7 9

8 0
A table of arrangement of data by
classes, together with the
corresponding class frequencies
is called a frequency
distribution or frequency table.
.
Frequency Distribution
Construction of Frequency Distribution
Decide on how many sets of groupings or classes you want.

Avoid using fewer than 5 or more than 15 classes.

Make all the classes in equal lengths of class size.

Make sure that each item goes only into one class.

Suggested Class Size

 Limit Boundary
Class
Relative
Classes Tally Frequency Mark
Lower Upper Lower Upper Frequency
x
I 1 14.5 10 19 9.5 19.5 0.025
10 – 19 I 1 24.5 20 29 19.5 29.5 0.025
20 – 29 18 26 34 36 38 41 43 44
III 3 34.5 30 39 29.5 39.5 0.075
45 50 50 51 52 52 53 53
30 – 39 IIII 4 44.5 40 49 39.5 49.5 0.100
54 54 55 58 58 59 60 60
40 – 49 54.5 0.325 63
IIIIIIIIIIIII 13 50 59 61 61 49.5
62 62 59.5
62 62 63
50 – 59 IIIIIIIIIIIII 13 64.5 60 69 66 66 59.5
66 71 69.5
71 77 79
0.325 80
60 – 69 IIII 4 74.5 70 79 79.5 0.100
69.5
70 – 79 I 84.5 80 89 79.5 89.5 0.025
1
80 – 89 1.000
40
Total
Consider the ages of 28 faculty members in General Education Department.

46 37 45 52 56 26 25

47 55 40 31 50 33 42

59 37 49 63 44 24 47

32 49 53 42 29 33 38

Using the given data, construct the following: Array (highest to lowest and
lowest to highest), Stem-and-Leaf, and Frequency Table
I. Setting up an array from the largest to the smallest

46 37 45 52 56 26 25

47 55 40 31 50 33 42

59 37 49 63 44 24 47

32 49 53 42 29 33 38
I. Setting up an array from the lowest to the highest

46 37 45 52 56 26 25

47 55 40 31 50 33 42

59 37 49 63 44 24 47

32 49 53 42 29 33 38
 46 37 45 52 56 26 25
III. Setting up into Stem-and-Leaf
47 55 40 31 50 33 42
59 37 49 63 44 24 47
32 49 53 42 29 33 38
 Limit Boundary
Class
Relative
Classes Tally Frequency Mark
Lower Upper Lower Upper Frequency
x

Total
46 37 45 52 56 26 25
47 55 40 31 50 33 42
59 37 49 63 44 24 47
32 49 53 42 29 33 38