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Graduation
Design
Guidance
South China University of
Technology Chen Lan Zhang
Haiyan
graduation project
1.Introduction to Design Topics

Design topic: high-rise residential buildings, schools,

hospitals, office buildings
Subject source: actual engineering, with some
modifications to the drawings
Construction site: Guangdong Province (Guangzhou,
Shenzhen, Huadu)
(different wind loads, different seismic fortification
intensity)
0.50 kN/m2(Guangzhou),0.75kN/m2(Shenzhen)
Structure type: frame structure (easy to calculate by
hand)
2.design content
 Manual calculation: calculation of the internal force and
reinforcement of the roof slab and non-frame beams of the roof
layer;
the firstNCalculation of internal force and reinforcement of floor
slabs and non-frame beams;
the firstXInternal force analysis of the plane frame;
the firstXPart of the beam and column of the frame
(generally5layer column,3layer beam)
Internal force combination and reinforcement calculation.

 Electric calculation: the whole structure (the drawing is subject

to the calculation result)
2.design content
specific contents:
 Communicate and negotiate with the architect according to the
architectural drawings, and propose revisions to the architectural design;
 Structural layout and primary selection of member cross-sectional
dimensions;
 Calculate the roof layer andNThe internal force and reinforcement of the
floor and secondary beams of the storey;
 Calculate the wind load of the whole building and the effect of horizontal
earthquake (two directions);
 Check and calculate the displacement (two directions) of the whole building
under the action of wind load and horizontal earthquake;
 useDvalue analysisxThe internal force of the shaft frame under the action of
wind load and horizontal earthquake;
 Analyse with stratified methodxThe internal force of the axle frame under
the vertical load;
 Internal force combination and member reinforcement calculation;
 basic design;
 Computer part (mainstream software, such as Yingjianke,PKPM)
3.Submit results
 calculation book
All computer input, pay attention to the correct input of formulas and units.

 Partial calculation results

Text: general information, period and displacement
information;
Schematic diagram: cross-sectional diagram, load
 diagram and reinforcement diagram of each layer
drawings (which1Zhang hand-painted):
member
Column positioning diagram, column flat method sample or
Also analyze the differences and reasons for the
column table (1Zhang or more);
results of computer and hand calculations
the firstNFloor slab and roof slab reinforcement drawing
(2open);
the firstNFloor frame beam and roof frame beam reinforcement
diagram (beam flat method,2open);
the firstXAxle frame reinforcement details (1Zhang, with5layer
3.Submit results

 Opening report, mid-term inspection, English

translation, etc. (required by the school)
 4.Design progress (Chinese
workers14Zhou, Hua Guang12week)
design content estimated
time
The opening report, the superstructure plan is determined, 1week
the basic plan is determined
Preliminary selection of section size, computer calculation, 1week
to determine whether the section selection is reasonable
Floor design (secondary beams, slabs) 1week
Wind load, earthquake action calculation and displacement 1week(1)
calculation of the whole building under horizontal load
XCalculation of Internal Force of Axle Frame under Wind 1week(1)
Load and Horizontal Earthquake
XCalculation of Internal Force of Shaft Frame under 2week(1)
Vertical Load
Internal force combination, according to calculation results 2week(1)
and structural requirements, determine the size of
reinforcement
basic design 1week
5.Graduation design requirements and
class Q&A arrangements
 finish independently;
 Strictly grasp the progress and avoid tightness before and after;
 You must not be absent from class and answer questions once a week.
Attendance is recorded each time. In special circumstances, you need to ask
for leave in advance.;

Class time and place:Every Tuesday morning

Answer time and place:The instructor decides, and the later

encryption will arrange multiple evaluations.
Graduation Design
Guidance
1.Preliminary
preparation
2.Structural Layout
and Section
Preliminary
Selection
3.computer

4.Load calculation
5.Structural analysis,
internal force
combination,
reinforcement
6.drawing
1.Preliminary preparation

 Familiar with drawings: read architectural drawings, understand

architectural design intentions, and focus on large and small;
 Familiar with codes: load code, concrete code, seismic code,
High-level regulations (national and provincial standards), basic
specifications;
 Collection of bibliography: mainly textbooks from previous courses;
 Familiar with the use of relevant software (such asWord,Excel,PKPM,
Structural Mechanics Solver,AutoCADWait)
2.Structural Layout and Section
Preliminary Selection
The design scheme of the concrete structure shall
meet the following requirements:
 Reasonable structural system, component form and
arrangement;

 The horizontal and vertical layout of the structure should

be regular, and the mass and stiffness of each part should
be uniform and continuous;

 The force transmission path of the structure should be

simple and clear, and the vertical members should be
continuous and aligned;

 A statically indeterminate structure should be adopted, and

redundant constraints or multiple force transmission paths
should be added to important components and key force
transmission parts;

 Measures should be taken to reduce the impact of

accidental effects.
2.Structural Layout and Section
Preliminary Selection
The structural system with seismic requirements
shall also meet the following requirements:
 There should be a clear calculation diagram and a reasonable
transmission path of seismic action.

 It should be avoided that the whole structure loses the seismic

capacity or the bearing capacity of gravity load due to the
failure of part of the structure or components.

 It should have the necessary seismic bearing capacity, good

deformation capacity and the ability to consume seismic energy.

 For possible weak parts, measures should be taken to improve

their earthquake resistance.
2.Structural Layout and Section
Preliminary Selection
 Main points of structural arrangement

 Under normal circumstances, main beams

should be arranged between adjacent columns,
so that the house forms a frame in both
vertical and horizontal directions; the columns
are preferably tied in both directions.
 If there is a wall, there will be beams; if not
allowed, it should be strengthened locally, such
as setting up hidden beams, and long steel bars
along the wall, such as2D14;
 When opening holes in the board, if the
Main points of structural arrangement

 The corners and four corners of the stairwell shall be provided

with columns; small structural columns shall be added at the
rest platform of the stairwell (abbreviated asTZ).
 Residential bathroom floors generally sink400mmleft and
right, the backfill load can be6 kN/m2Calculate; if the
bathroom sinks, set beams on four sides, and the beam height
should cover the floor. In the public toilet, you can only sink
the toilet seat, or raise it up two steps (add more load).
 The elevator shaft can be built with shear walls or bricks. If
bricks are built, bricks cannot be used to bear the load, but the
primary and secondary beams are used; ring beams are added
to each floor, and structural columns are added around the
ladder well.
Main points of structural arrangement

 Structural joints follow the principle of "one joint can do

more", and set as few joints as possible.
 To prevent sudden changes in stiffness and the formation of
weak layers.
Column section size and concrete strength grade are required to
be changed once each, but it is not appropriate to change at a
certain layer at the same time. Actual engineering column
section2-3Layer changes once.
 The dynamic characteristics of the two main shaft directions
should be as close as possible.
 Slope of roof building or slope of structure; slope of building
needs to consider the weight of materials used for elevation.
Frame structure load-bearing scheme

Lateral load
bearing Longitudinal
load

Vertical and
Section Primary Selection
plate thickness
Minimum thickness of plate: specified by
codehmin=80mm, usually the least100mm.
One-way plate thickness:
Standard value of Simply supported Continuous
load plate plate
(constant+live) thicknessh thicknessh
4 kN/m2 ≥L/35 ≥L/40
6 kN/m2 ≥L/30 ≥L/35
10kN/m2 ≥L/25 ≥L/27
Bidirectional plate thickness:
h ≥ (0.8~0.9) One-way slab thickness, the
same floor slab thickness type should not be
Section Primary Selection

 Secondary beam

Liang Gaoh = (1/12~1/18) L;

The height of the secondary beam is generally
less than the main beam supporting it.
beam widthb = (1/2~1/3) h; secondary
beamb≥150mm.
Section Primary Selection
 frame beam
 The section width of the beam should not be less
than200mm, the aspect ratio of the beam section should
not be greater than4.
 in the frame—In shear wall structure and general
frame structure, the general beam height is preferable
h = (1/8~1/14) L
Cantilever beam:
h=
 (1/5~1/8)
The L
beam section should meet the modulus
requirements;
 When there are doors and windows under the beam, the
beam height can be considered to the top of the door and
window hole, so as to avoid setting the door and window
Section Primary Selection
 column

The side length of the column with rectangular section

should not be less than250mm, the seismic design
should not be less than300mm(Level 4)
and400mm(Grade 1, 2, and 3); the column shear-span
ratio should be greater
Cross-sectional than2(Avoid
area of ​columnsshort columns);
on the first
the aspect
floor ratio
of theofframeAzAccording
the column N sectiontoshould not be
the axial
greater than3.
compression Az N
ratio Sure
N fc

N——Axial compression ratio (when the seismic

grade is one, two or three frames,
take0.65,0.75,0.85);
Section Primary Selection
N——The axial force design value of the bottom
column under the combined action of vertical load
 
and horizontal load, the effect of wind load
N  1.05 ~ 1.1 N v
and7When the seismic fortification is high, it is
Nv——Thebydesign
calculated value of formula:
the following the axial force of
the bottom column under the vertical load
can be estimated by nthe following
The estimated formula:
column is at theiLoaded area o

NV    qiAi center
columnq=12kN/m2
i 1 side postq=14kN/m2
prismq=16kN/m2

The height and width of the column section

can be usedb/h=(2/3~1.0)
Section Primary Selection

 Columns on the first floor and above are required to change

section at least once. Each time the section size is changed, it
should not shrink too much, generally50~100; Variable section and
variable concrete strength grade should not be in the same layer.
 After calculation of internal force and reinforcement, if it is found
that the section size of beam and column is too large or too small,
the section size should be adjusted. If the ratio of the moment of
inertia of the section before and after the section size adjustment
is0.5~2When the internal force is not recalculated, the
reinforcement should be calculated according to the original
internal force and the adjusted section size, but the influence of
the change of the internal force on the bearing capacity should be
analyzed, and the reinforcement of the beam and column should
be adjusted appropriately.
Selection of structural materials

 The concrete strength grade of frame structure house should

be ≥C20. Columns can be made of higher grade concrete, and
the concrete grade of beams and slabs should not be too high.
 Beam and column reinforcement: longitudinal reinforcement
is generally selectedHRB400, (recommended steel in the new
specification), stirrups are generally usedHPB300,HRB400.
 Filled brick walls: energy-saving requirements, the exterior
walls are made of lightweight thermal insulation materials,
such as aerated concrete blocks, the exterior walls
are200mm;The inner wall is not required, but for the
convenience of purchasing, the outer wall material is generally
used, and the thickness is100mmor200mm. Various other
lightweight materials such as hollow bricks can also be used.