FUNCTIONS, LIMITS, CONTINUITY

1.1.FUNCTIONS
If any two variables x and y are
so related that for each value of x
is associated a unique value of y,
then we say that y is a function of
x
1.2. Composition of Functions

3. 4.
1.3. The Concept of Limits
Let f(x) be a function of x and a be a constant. If
there is a number M such that, in order to make the
value of f(x) as close to M as may be desired, it is
sufficient to choose x close enough to a, but
different from a, then we may say that the limit of
f(x) as x approaches a, is M.
In symbol:
 
The Concept of Limits

5
1.4. Theorems on Limits
Let and

2.

3. 

 
1.5. The Left-hand-limit (LHL) and the Right-
hand-limit (RHL)
LHL: ; the limit of f(x) as x RHL: ; the limit of f(x) as x
approaches a from values less approaches a from values greater
than a ( from the left) than a ( from the right)
If = , then exists.
4.
1.6. Continuity
f(x) is said to be continuous;
a. At x=a if the following 3 conditions are satisfied:
i. f(a) is defined
ii. exists
iii. f(a) =
b. In an interval a < x < b if it assumes every value intermediate
between f(a) and f(b).
1.7. Infinity
Properties of ( a = constant)
a. ,

d.
e.
does not represent any specific
value. It only symbolizes a state of
being nonfinite
1.8. Evaluation of Limits
There is no single manner or “rule” that would summarize how limits are
evaluated. For simple functions, direct substitution of a into f(x) may give the .
1.8. Evaluation of Limits
There is no single manner or “rule” that would summarize how limits are evaluated. For simple functions,
direct substitution of a into f(x) may give the .