FANETS IN Multi

UAVs
Communication and
its Military
Applications.
Presented by:
Maj Damandeep Guide:
Singh Dr H.M Gupta
OUTLINE

01 02 03 04
Intro to UAV Application-Case
FANETs protocol Trends
systems Study

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 01

UAVs

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 Introduction- UAV systems

• Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): “A powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human
operator,...” [Source: TheFreeDictionary.com]

• A brief history on UAV [Source: Wikipedia]

• 1916: The earliest attempt at a UAV by A. M. Low
• 1935: The first scaled remote pilot vehicle was developed
• World War II: Nazi Germany produced and used various UAVs
• As of 2012: US army employed 7494 UAVs

• Applications
• Military Uses: Reconnaissance, Armed attacks, Targets for Military training
• Civilian Uses: Cargo delivery, police operation, powerline and pipeline inspection, agriculture,
search and rescue, communications

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Classification of UAVs

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 Advantages Of UAVs

UAVs are getting smaller and cheaper. The advantages of the multi-UAV systems
are

• Cost
• Scalability
• Survivability
• Speed-up
• Small radar cross-section.

• Coordination and collaboration of multiple UAVs can create a system that is

beyond the capability of only one UAV.

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 Why Multi UAV Systems??

• Note that the capability of one UAV is however limited in terms

• Power
• Reliability
• Range
• Coverage
• Payload carrying capacity

• Hence, a multi-UAV system is of special interest due to the ability of its associate
UAV members either to coordinate simultaneous coverage of large areas or to
cooperate to achieve common goals / targets.

• This kind of cooperation / coordination requires reliable communication network

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Multi UAVs Communication

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 02

FANETs
Protocol and Advantages

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 Ad Hoc Networks

• Instead of a preset infrastructure, ad hoc network is a self-configuring

and self-cooridnated dynamic network.

• Each node can behave as a source or a destination or a relay.

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 FANETS

• Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs) is such kind of network that consists of a group of small
UAVs connected in ad-hoc manner.

• Integrated into a team to achieve high level goals.

• Mobility, lack of central control, self-organizing and ad-hoc nature between the UAVs are the
main features of FANETs

• They could expand the connectivity and extend the communication range at infrastructure-
less area

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 FANETS

• FANET – PHY LAYER

o Radio propagation
o Antenna structure

• FANET – MAC LAYER

o First FANET use IEEE 802.11 with omnidirectional antennas

o By the help of the request-to-send (RTS) and clear-to-send (CTS) signal exchange
mechanism, IEEE 802.11 can handle the hidden node problem

• FANET – NETWORK LAYER

o First FANET used Topology Broadcast based on Reverse-Path Forwarding

(TBRPF) , which is basically a proactive protocol
o Another FANET test bed with Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [71] protocol.

• FANET – TRANSPORT LAYER

o Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems (JAUS) 12
FANETS

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 03

Application
Wireless Communication using UAVs

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FANETS –Application Scenarios

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Battlefield Communication with
unmanned aerial vehicles

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 APPLICATION - MOTIVATION

• Among the various applications enabled by UASs, the use of UAVs for achieving
high-speed wireless communications in battlefield is expected to play an important
role in future communication system.

• UAV-aided wireless communication offers one promising solution to provide wireless

connectivity for devices without infrastructure coverage.

• It also provides a promising alternative to restore communication due to damaged

infrastructure caused by enemy actions

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Battlefield communication with unmanned aerial vehicles

Three typical use cases of UAV-aided wireless communications.

a) UAV-aided ubiquitous coverage

b) UAV-aided relaying

c) UAV-aided information dissemination and data collection ,

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 UAV-aided ubiquitous coverage
• UAVs are deployed to assist the existing communication infrastructure.

• Providing seamless wireless coverage within the area of interest.

• Rapid service restoration after partial or complete infrastructure damage due to

enemy action

• Since the onboard energy of UAVs is finite, energy-saving techniques are required
to prolong the lifetime of UAVs

! - Overloaded stn Ground gateway

Ground
station
X - Destroyed stn gateway
station

X ! 19
 UAV-aided relaying

• UAVs can be deployed to provide wireless connectivity between two or more distant
users or user groups without reliable direct communication links.

• UAVs can be used to relay/ extend the range of traditional terrestrial communication
systems.

• UAVs can help in negating issues in traditional communications like screening effect
due to dominating features like mountains

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 UAV-aided information dissemination and data
collection
• In harsh environment without terrestrial communication infrastructures, wireless
sensor networks can be deployed to sense the environment.

• UAVs can be used to disseminate/ collect delay tolerance information from the
battlefields.

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 Technology
Battlefield communication with unmanned aerial
vehicles

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BASIC NETWORKING ARCHITECTURE

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 BASIC NETWORKING ARCHITECTURE
Consists of two basic types of communication links, namely the

• Control and Non-Payload Communications Link (CNPC link )

o It is essential to ensure the safe operation of all UASs..

o Highly reliable, low-latency, and secure two-way communications
o The main flow can be broadly categorized into three types: i) command and control
from GCS to UAVs ii) aircraft status report from UAVs to ground; iii) sense-and-avoid
information among UAVs
o Due to the critical functions to be supported, operate in protected spectrum

• Data link

o Aim to support mission-related communications for the ground terminals.

o The capacity requirement for these data links critically depends on the applications,
possibly ranging from several kbps in UAV-sensor links to dozens of Gbps in UAV-
gateway wireless backhaul
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 DATA DISSIMINATION

Simple approach - The UAV repeatedly transmit the same file as it flies over different
ground nodes, until all of them successfully receive the file.

Issues- Requires substantial UAV retransmissions, hence not very efficient.

SOLUTION - The D2D-enhanced information dissemination scheme can effectively

solve this problem with a two-phase protocol.

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 DATA DISSIMINATION
The D2D-enhanced information dissemination scheme with a two-phase

PHASE1 - The UAV broadcasts the appropriately coded file to the ground nodes as it flies over them. Since
each node has only limited wireless connectivity with the UAV, it is very likely that it can only successfully
receive a fraction of the file, where different portions of the file are received by different nodes.

PHASE2 - The ground nodes exchange their respectively received data via D2D communications, until all
the nodes receive a sufficient number of packets to successfully decode the file

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Data handling in UAV aided Battlefield
Communication

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 Data handling in UAV aided Battlefield
Communication
• Traditional Data handling protocols usually assume fixed network topology and
often require high computation and communication overhead, hence are not suitable
for FANETs.

• Cooperative caching techniques are efficient to support data access in FANETs

networks.

• Three schemes: Cache Path, Cache Data and Hybrid Cache

• In Cache Data, intermediate nodes cache the data to serve future requests instead
of fetching data from the data center

• In Cache Path, mobile nodes cache the data path and use it to redirect future
requests to the nearby node which has the data instead of the faraway data center.

• In hybrid approach (Hybrid Cache), further improve the performance by taking

advantage of Cache Data and Cache Path while avoiding their weaknesses.
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 04
Benefits &
Challenges
Can it replace traditional education systems?

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 ADVANTAGES
• On-demand UAVs are more cost-effective wireless communication medium for
battlefields.

• Can be deployed very swiftly, depending on battlefield situation/operation.

• Most suitable for unexpected or limited-duration missions.

• Adaptive communications can be jointly designed with UAV mobility control to

further improve the communication performance.

• Increase the survivability and reliability of communication links in the battlefield.

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Challenges
 Crucial control links for safety-critical functions

 Sparse and intermittent network connectivity

 Size, weight, and power (SWAP) limitations

 Anti UAVs techniques

 Jamming and ECM techniques

 Integration with the present communication equipments and

protocols
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Resources
● Physical Educatity on Curriculum and Physical Education Model Based on Smart
Classroom and Mobile Computing by Xian Liu
● Mobile Computing and Mobility of education by Amnon Dekel
● Uses and Effects of Mobile Computing Devices in K–8 Classrooms by Karen Swan , Mark
van ‘t Hooft ,Annette Kratcoski
● Mobile Computing in Education by Guido R¨ oßling, Henning B¨ ar, Christoph Trompler
and Chin­Man Choi
● Mobile Learning Technologies for Education: Benefits and Pending Issues by Santiago
Criollo-C 1,* , Andrea Guerrero-Arias 2, Ángel Jaramillo-Alcázar 1 and Sergio Luján-Mora
● M-EDUCATION: MOBILE COMPUTING ENTERS THE CLASSROOM by Dr.
Christopher G. Jones, Dr. David W. Johnson, S. Jeff Cold
● Teachers’ Self-efficacy Matters: Exploring the Integration of Mobile Computing Device in
Middle Schools by Kyungbin Kwon1 & Anne T. Ottenbreit-Leftwich1 & Annisa R. Sari1,2 &
Zuheir Khlaif1 & Meina Zhu1 & Hamid Nadir1 &
● Fatih Gokl

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