Acids and

Bases

Neutralization and Titration

 A Double Replacement reaction in which an ACID
and a BASE react to produce a SALT and WATER

General reaction:

Neutralization HA (aq)+ BOH (aq)  BA (aq) + H2O (l)

acid base salt water

Net Ionic equation for all neutralization reactions:

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)  H2O (l)
 For the following:
Example of a) predict the products
Neutralization b) write a balanced neutralization reaction
Reactions (label A, B, salt and water)
Barium hydroxide + chloric acid 
 The salt solution formed from a neutralization
reactions may be acidic, basic or neutral. It depends on
the original acid and base that formed the salt.

Strong Acid + Strong Base  NEUTRAL SALT

Salt Strong Acid + Weak Base  ACIDIC SALT

Weak Acid + Strong Base  BASIC SALT
solutions
A weak acid and a weak base will produce any type
of solution depending on the relative strengths of
the acid and base involved. We will not be studying
these types of salts.
Complete the table below. Underneath, write
the balanced neutralization reactions.
Salt Parent Acid Parent Base Type of
solution
a) KCl
b) NH4NO3
c) Na3PO4
Titration

Titration - the controlled addition

and measurement of the volume of
a solution of known concentration
required to react completely with a
measured amount of a solution of
unknown concentration.
Equivalence point and
End point
The point at which the two solutions used in
a titration are present in chemically
equivalent amounts is the equivalence
point.

The point in a titration at which an indicator

changes color is called the end point of the
indicator.

*The equivalence point is not necessarily the

same as the end point*
 Acid-base indicators are compounds whose
colors are sensitive to pH.

Acid-base Indicators that undergo transition at about pH 7

are used to determine the equivalence point of
Indicators strong-acid/strong base titrations.

The neutralization of strong acids with strong

bases produces a salt solution with a pH of 7.

The indicator, phenolphthalein, is commonly used. This indicator is clear

in an acid and pink in a base
 Buret (aka Burette) - a graduated glass tube with
a tap at one end, for delivering known volumes of
a liquid, especially in titrations.
Standard solution (also called titrant) – A
Titration solution of known concentration placed in buret a
graduated glass tube with a tap at one end, for
Vocabulary delivering known volumes of a liquid, especially
in titrations.
Analyte - a substance whose chemical
constituents are being identified and measured.
(the substance with unknown concentration)
Titration Procedure
1. A measured volume of an acid solution of
unknown concentration (called the
analyte) is added to the Ehrlenmeyer
Flask
2. Several drops of the indicator (ex.
Phenolphthalein) are added to the
solution while the flask is gently swirled.
3. Measured volumes of base of known
concentration (this is the standard
solution in the buret) are mixed into the
acid until the indicator just barely
changes color.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFpFCPTDv2w
Titration Curve for
a Strong Acid
and a Strong Base
Solving Acid-Base
Titration Problems
4 steps:

1) Write the balanced Neutralization

Equation
2) Find the moles of the known substance
(the standard/titrant)
3) Use the mole ratio from the balanced
equation to find the moles of the
unknown (analyte)
4) Solve for the unknown (either Molarity
or Volume)
Example 1
50.0 mL of an unknown solution of HCl are titrated with
0.100 M NaOH. Find the molarity of the NaOH solution
if 10 mL of NaOH are required to reach the equivalence
point.

1) Balanced equation:

2) Moles of known:

3) Use mole ratio to find moles of unknown:

4) Find Molarity of unknown:

Example 2
42.5 mL of 1.3 M KOH are required
to neutralize 50.0 mL of H2SO4.
Find the molarity of the H2SO4.
Example 3
What volume of 0.053 M H3PO4 is
required to neutralize 60.0 mL of
0.025 M Ca(OH)2?