Pituitary

Gland and all

other glands

Presented to: Miss Saira

Presented By:
● Fatima Jameel 20-01
● Fiza Ashfaq 20-38
● Rida Ghafoor 20-52
● Javeria Khan 20-27
 Table of contents

01 Pituitary gland
02 Pineal gland

Pancreas and
03 Thymus gland 04 Ovaries and testes
Endocrine glands
• The endocrine system is a complex network of
glands and organs in the body that produce and
secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers
that regulate various bodily functions.
• The endocrine system plays a critical role in
maintaining homeostasis and regulating processes
such as growth and development, metabolism,
reproductive functions, and response to stress
Pituitary Gland
● The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized
gland located at the base of the brain,
just below the hypothalamus. It is often
referred to as the "master gland" because
it controls the functions of many other
endocrine glands in the body
● There are Three Lobes
1. Anterior Lobe of Pituitary
2. Median lobe of pituitary
3. Posterior lobe of pituitary
 1)Anterior lobe:
● The anterior pituitary produces
and releases several hormones,
including
● Growth hormone (GH) - regulates
growth and metabolism
● Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk
production in females
● Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) - stimulates the production
of cortisol in the adrenal glands
1)Anterior lobe:
● Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) - stimulates the thyroid gland
to produce thyroid hormones
● Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- stimulates the growth of ovarian
follicles in females and the
production of sperm in males
● Luteinizing hormone (LH) - triggers
ovulation in females and stimulates
the production of testosterone in
males
2)Median Lobe:
● The median lobe of the pituitary gland, also
known as the intermediate lobe, is a small,
thin structure located between the anterior and
posterior pituitary. It is present in some
animals, but is not well-developed in humans.
Median lobe secretes only the melanophore
stimulating hormone
● Melanophore stimulating hormone(MSH)
● More secretion in
pregnancy stimulate melanocytes in skin to
produce brown pigment melanin,
which darkens the skin 
3)Posterior Lobe:
● The posterior pituitary, on the other
hand, does not produce hormones, but
rather stores and releases two hormones
produced by the hypothalamus:
● Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -
regulates water balance in the body by
increasing water reabsorption in the
kidneys
● Oxytocin - stimulates uterine
contractions during childbirth and milk
ejection during breastfeeding.
Pituitary gland disorders
Pituitary gland disorders can occur when the gland produces too much or too little of
certain hormones, or when a tumor develops on the gland. Here are some disorders
related to the pituitary gland:
1. Pituitary tumors:
● Abnormal growths
● Most are non-cancerous (benign) and do not spread to other parts of the body.
However, they can cause problems by pressing on nearby structures or by
disrupting hormone production.
● Depending on the type of cells that make up the tumor, it can lead to hormonal
imbalances and cause symptoms such as headaches, vision problems, and
changes in menstrual cycles.
2. Gigantism:
● Rare condition that occurs when the pituitary gland
produces too much growth hormone during childhood,
before the bones have stopped growing.
● As a result, children with gigantism can grow to be
abnormally tall, with enlarged body parts.
3. Acromegaly:
● This is a condition that occurs when the pituitary gland
produces too much growth hormone after the bones
have stopped growing.
● In adults, excess growth hormone can cause bones to
thicken and soft tissue to enlarge, leading to a condition
called acromegaly.
● Symptoms can include enlarged hands and feet, facial
changes, joint pain, and excessive sweating.
 Pineal gland
● The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-shaped
endocrine gland located in the brain.
● It is located near the center of the brain,
between the two hemispheres.
● The pineal gland produces and secretes the
hormone melatonin, which plays a role in
regulating the body's circadian rhythm, or
internal clock.
● Melatonin helps to control sleep patterns, and
is involved in other physiological processes
such as regulating the timing of puberty and
seasonal changes in reproductive cycles in
animals.
Disorders related to
pineal gland
Tumors
Pineal tumors can cause a variety of
symptoms depending on their location and
size, including headaches, vision changes,
nausea and vomiting, difficulty with
coordination or balance, and changes in mood
or behavior..
In addition to tumors, other disorders
Pineal cysts
which are fluid-filled sacs that form in the
gland, and pineal gland calcification, which is
a natural process that occurs as the gland ages
and can be seen on imaging studies.
Pancreas
● The pancreas is a glandular organ located behind the stomach and in front of the
spine.
● It has both endocrine and exocrine functions, meaning it produces hormones that
regulate blood sugar levels and enzymes that aid in digestion.
● The endocrine function of the pancreas is to secrete hormones such as insulin
and glucagon into the bloodstream.
● Insulin is responsible for decreasing blood sugar levels by allowing cells to absorb
glucose from the bloodstream, while glucagon increases blood sugar levels by
stimulating the liver to release stored glucose.
● The exocrine function of the pancreas is to produce enzymes that aid in the
digestion of food. These enzymes are released into the small intestine, where they
help to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
 Diseases Related To Pancrease

Pancreatitis:
Type 1 diabetes: Type 2 diabetes:
• Inflammation of the
• Chronic autoimmune • This is a metabolic pancreas, which can be acute
disorder in which the disorder characterized or chronic.
immune system attacks by insulin resistance,
the cells in the pancreas • This can lead to high
that produce insulin, blood sugar levels and a
• leading to high blood range of complications
sugar levels.
Ovaries
● The ovaries are a pair of small, oval-shaped reproductive organs in the female
reproductive system.
● They are located on either side of the uterus and are responsible for producing eggs
and female sex hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone.
1. Estrogen:
●  At the onset of puberty, estrogens promotes:
o The development of the breasts
o Distribution of fat evidenced in the hips, legs, and breast
o Maturation of reproductive organs such as the uterus and vagina
2. Progesterone:
o causes the uterine lining to thicken in preparation for pregnancy
o Together, progesterone and estrogens are responsible for the changes that occur in
the uterus during the female menstrual cycle.
Disorders of the ovaries
1. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS):
● This is a hormonal disorder in which the ovaries
produce too much androgen, a male hormone.
● This can lead to irregular menstrual cycles, infertility,
and other health problems.
2. Ovarian cysts:
● Fluid-filled sacs that form on the surface of the ovary.
3. Ovarian cancer:
● This is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the
ovary.
● It is often difficult to detect in its early stages, and is
often diagnosed when it has already spread to other
parts of the body.
Testes:
● The testes, also known as testicles, are a pair of
oval-shaped reproductive organs located in the
scrotum of males.
● They are responsible for producing sperm and male
sex hormones, such as testosterone.
● The testes are essential to male reproductive health
and function.
● They play a critical role in the production and
maturation of sperm, which are necessary for
fertilization and reproduction.
● Testosterone, produced by the testes, is responsible
for the development of male secondary sexual
characteristics, such as increased muscle mass and
body hair.
Disorders of the testes
1. Testicular torsion:
● This is a painful condition in which the testicle twists on its blood supply, cutting
off blood flow to the testicle.
● It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to save the testicle.
● Surgery is usually required to untwist the testicle and restore blood flow.
2. Hypogonadism:
● This is a condition in which the testes produce little or no testosterone.
● It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, injury,
infection, and certain medications.
3. Varicocele:
● This is a swelling of the veins in the scrotum, which can affect blood flow to the
testes and lead to infertility.
The thymus gland is a small, bi-lobed organ
located in the chest, just behind the sternum
and between the lungs.
It is part of the lymphatic system and plays a
crucial role in the development and maturation
of T-lymphocytes or T-cells, which are an
important component of the immune system.

Thymus Gland
Thymus gland hormones
● The primary hormones produced by the thymus gland are:
● Thymosin: This hormone plays a key role in the development of T-cells, which are a
type of white blood cell that helps to fight infection and disease.
● Thymosin helps to stimulate the maturation and proliferation of T-cells in the thymus
gland, which are then released into the bloodstream to help protect the body.
● Thymopoietin:
● This hormone works together with thymosin to stimulate the development of T-cells
in the thymus gland.
● It helps to regulate the growth and differentiation of T-cells and plays a key role in
the immune response.
● Thymulin:
● This hormone is involved in the regulation of the immune system and helps to
stimulate the production of antibodies.
Disorders of the thymus gland
1. Myasthenia gravis:
● This is a neuromuscular disorder that can be caused by an autoimmune
reaction against the thymus gland.
● In myasthenia gravis, the immune system attacks the receptors on the
muscle cells, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue.
2. DiGeorge syndrome:
● This is a genetic disorder that can affect the development of several
organs, including the thymus gland.
● People with DiGeorge syndrome often have a small or absent thymus
gland, which can lead to immune system problems and increased
susceptibility to infections.
 THANK
YOU
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