Subject: Operating System

Code: BCA402N
Lecture 16

BY
Dr MAYUR RAHUL
(E762)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
UIET, CSJM UNIVERSITY, KANPUR
OUTLINE

• Introdution
• Categories of process
• Race condition
Introduction
• When two or more process cooperates with each other, their order of execution
must be preserved otherwise there can be conflicts in their execution and
inappropriate outputs can be produced.

• A cooperative process is the one which can affect the execution of other
process or can be affected by the execution of other process. Such processes
need to be synchronized so that their order of execution can be guaranteed.

• The procedure involved in preserving the appropriate order of execution of

cooperative processes is known as Process Synchronization. There are various
synchronization mechanisms that are used to synchronize the processes.
Categories of process
On the basis of synchronization, processes are categorized as one of the
following two types:
• Independent Process : Execution of one process does not affects the
execution of other processes.
• Cooperative Process : Execution of one process affects the execution
of other processes.
Process synchronization problem arises in the case of Cooperative
process also because resources are shared in Cooperative processes.
Race condition
• Several processes access and process the manipulations over the same data
concurrently, then the outcome depends on the particular order in which the
access takes place.

• A race condition is a situation that may occur inside a critical section. This
happens when the result of multiple thread execution in the critical section
differs according to the order in which the threads execute.

• Race conditions in critical sections can be avoided if the critical section is

treated as an atomic instruction. Also, proper thread synchronization using
locks or atomic variables can prevent race conditions.
REFERENCES

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/dbms/dbms_overview.htm
• https://www.studytonight.com/dbms/database-model.php
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-process-synchronization/\
• https://www.javatpoint.com/os-process-synchronization-introduction