CHAPTER 2:

STOICHIOMETRY
2.1 Mole Concept
Part II
At the end of this class, students
should be able to:
1. Define and calculate
- molarity
- molality
- mole fraction
- percentage by mass
- percentage by volume
- parts per million
- normality
 Concentration Units
 The concentration of solutions is the quantity
of dissolve substance per unit quantity of
solvent in a solution.
a) Molarity/amount concentration, c
• The number of mole of solute dissolved per
unit volume.
• (unit: mol L1 @ mol dm3 @ M)

Molarity = moles of solute

volume of solution in liters

1L=1dm3 1mL=1 cm3 1 dm3=1000 cm3

 Example:
• What is the molarity of 54.8g of Na2CO3 in 400 cm3
solution?
( Na= 23, C = 12, O=16)

Mass of 1 mole of Na2CO3 = 106.0 g mol-1

Number of mole of Na2CO3 = 54.8 g = 0.517 mol
106.0 g mol-1
Molarity of Na2CO3 = 0.517 mol
0.400 dm3
= 1.29 mol dm-3
 b) Molal Concentration @ molality, m

• The number of mole of solute per unit mass of solvent

in kg.

(unit: mol kg1 @ molal, m) 1 kg= 1 dm3 = 1 L

Molality = moles of solute

mass of solvent in kg
 Example:
What is the molality when 0.75 solute mol is dissolved
in 2.50 dm3 of solvent? Density of water = 1.0gmL -1)

Answer:
Molality, m = moles of solute
mass of solvent in kg
= 0.75 mol
2.50 kg
= 0.30 mol kg-1 1 dm3 = 1 kg
= 0.3 m
 c) Mole Fraction, X

No. of moles of one component in a mixture divided by

the total number of moles of all substances present in
the mixture
XA = nA
ntotal

where, nA = no of moles of 1 component in a mixture

n total = total moles of all substances present in the

mixture
 Example:
1. A solution is prepared by dissolving 46.0g
of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in 72.0g of water.
Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol in
the solution.
• RMM of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) = 46.0 g mol-1
• Number of moles of ethanol, n
= 46.0 g = 1.0 mol
46.0 g mol-1
 Answer:
• RMM of water = 18.0 g mol-1
• Number of moles of water, n = 72.0 g = 4.0 mol
18.0 g mol-1
• Mole fraction of ethanol in the solution
= 1 = 0.2
1+4

2. What is the mole fraction of water in 15.6g

CaCl2 and 24.2g MgCl2 in 100g water?
Answer : XCaCl2 = 0.0248 XMgCl2 = 0.0439
 (d) Percentage by Mass (%w/w)

% w/w = mass of solute x 100%

mass of solution

10% w/w NaOH  10 g of NaOH dissolved in 100 g of solution

10 g of NaOH dissolved in 90 g of solvent (water)

Example
A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride, KCl is
dissolved in 54.2 g of water. What is the percent
by mass of KCl in this solution?

Percent by mass of KCl = 0.892g X 100%

0.892g + 54.2g
= 1.61%
(e) Percentage by Volume (%v/v)
volume of solute (ml)
X 100%
volume of solution (ml)

Calculate the percentage by volume of NaCl in a

solution containing 10.8ml NaCl in 175ml of water?
%v/v = volume of solute x 100%
volume of solution
= 5.81 %
(f) Parts per million
• Used for component which present in very small quantity

ppm = weight of solute (g) X 106

weight of solution (g)
ppm = mass of solute (mg)
volume of solution (L)

• Other units : mg/kg @ µg/ml @ µg/g

• The concentration of calcium ions in blood is 100.0 ppm.

Calculate the mass of calcium ions in 500.0 g of blood.
2
100.0 ppm = mass of Ca
x 10 6
500.0 g of solution
mass of Ca2+ = 0.05 g
(g) Normality, N
The weight is defined as the number of mole
equivalents per liter of solution.

Example:
Determine the normality of 0.248 mol of
H2SO4, which is dissolved in 250 mL of
solution.
Equivalent solute = 0.248 mol x 2 eq/mol
Solution = 250 mL = 250 L
Normality = [ 0.248 x 2 eq/mol ] x 0.25 L
= 1.984 N
 Exercise
1) A solution is made up by adding 35 cm3 of acetone, C3H6O
(d=0.79 g/ml) to 50 cm3 of ethyl alcohol C2H6O (d=0.789
g/ml). Calculate
a) the mass percent of acetone
b) the molality of acetone
c) the mol fraction of ethyl alcohol.
2) Concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is labelled “35.7% by
weight”, density 1.43 g/mL. Calculate the molarity of the
solution. (ans : 5.205 M)
3) A 0.8 mol dm-3 solution of sulphuric acid, H2SO4
has a density of 1.10 g cm-3 at room
temperature. What is the concentration of this
solution in weight percent?
(ans : 7.13%)
(Mr H2SO4 = 98 g mol-1)
4) A 25.0 g sample of water was found to contain
1.66 X 10-6g of Cr3+. What is the concentration of
Cr3+ in ppm. (Ans: 0.0664)