2.

2
LI
QU
ID
Shape and volume
Liquid has a definite volume
Takes the shape of container
Flow easily
Can change their shape. Depend on
container
Same amount of space
Compressibility
Almost incompressible

Because there are little space between

the molecules.
Surface Tension
Molecules within a liquid are pulled in all
directions by intermolecular forces.
However, molecules at the surface are
pulled downward and sideways by other
molecules, but not upward away from the
surface.
These intermolecular attractions thus tend
to pull the molecules into the liquid and
cause the surface to tighten like an elastic
film
The surface tension is the amount of energy
required to stretch or increase the surface of a
liquid by a unit area.
The surface tension decreases with increased
temperature because at high temperature, the
intermolecular forces become less effective.
Particles at
the surface

Particles
within a
liquid
Viscosity
• The resistance of a liquid to flow is called
viscosity. Viscous liquids like syrup and
shampoo flow slowly. Less viscous liquids
like water and gasoline flow quickly.
• The stronger the intermolecular forces of
attraction are, the greater is the viscosity.
• Viscosity generally with temperature.
At higher temperature, the average kinetic
energy of the molecules can overcome
intermolecular forces more easily.
• Fluidity is the reverse of viscosity; a
measure of how easily a substance will
pour
Vaporisation

The change of liquid to gas.

Volatile liquid evaporate more rapidly.
According to kinetic molecular theory:
- the molecules of liquid are in continuous motion,
their average kinetic energy proportional to
temperature.
 - the average kinetic energy is too small
to allow the molecules to ‘escape’ from
liquid to vapour. But a few high-energy
molecules can overcome the attractive
forces and escape from the liquid to
become vapour.

Vaporisationoccurs more rapidly with

increase temperature and surface area.
Condensation
Change of gas/vapour to liquid.
Occur when a fraction of gaseous molecules
lose energy and return to the liquid state.
A liquid is said to be a state of equilibrium
when the rate of vaporisation is equal to the
rate of condensation. The pressure exerted
at this state is called vapour pressure.
VAPOUR PRESSURE & BOILING POINT
Vapour Pressure

In liquid, the molecules move from the

liquid phase to the empty space in a
vapour phase. The vapour molecules will
collide with the walls of the container
and thereby exert the vapour pressure.
 Vapour pressure is affected by:

a) Intermolecular forces

b) Temperature
a) Intermolecular forces

~ liquids with weak intermolecular

forces are volatile and have a higher
rate of evaporation.

~ Therefore, volatile liquids have high

vapour pressure.
Example
Ether has a higher vapour pressure than
ethanol. Explain.

Ether is more volatile than ethanol as a

result of a weaker intermolecular forces
between ether molecules. Consequently,
Ether has a higher rate of evaporation
hence, has a higher vapour pressure than
ethanol.
b) Temperature
~ The vapour pressures of all
liquids ↑, as their temperatures ↑.

~ At a ↑ T, more molecules move

rapidly enough to escape from the
liquid.
Vapour Pressure and Boiling Point
~ the more volatile the liquid, the ↑ the
vapour pressure and the ↓ the boiling
point
- a more volatile liquids has weaker
intermolecular forces. So, less energy needed
to overcome the attractive forces between
molecules, boiling point is lower
- this means that the liquid evaporates more
easily so the vapour pressure is higher
The boiling point
of a liquid is the
temperature at
which its vapor
pressure equals
atmospheric
pressure.
The normal
boiling point is the
temperature at
which its vapor
pressure is 760 torr.
Example

Explain why the boiling point of Cl2

(-34.6⁰C) is lower than that of Br2
(58.8⁰C) and the vapour pressure of
acetone, CH3COCH3 is higher than
that of ethanol, CH3CH2OH at room
temperature.

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