Chapter 7:

Networks and The Internet

Prepared by:
Marvel S. Catiempo
Prepared for:
BSIS – 1C - ITCOM
A. Introduction to Networking
a. Major Types of Network Connection

B. What is Internet?
a. Basic of Internet Infrastructure
b. Access Providers
c. Transmission of Data and Information
d. Internet Address

C. The World Wide Web

a. Web Addresses
b. Top-Level Domains (TLD)

D. Cloud Computing

E. Internet-of-Things
 Foundational Topics in Networking
Telecommunications and networking technologies have become very
important as almost all organizations rely on computer-based information
systems to support various business processes. Understanding how the
underlying networking technologies work and where these technologies
are heading will help you better understand the potential of information
systems.

Evolution of Computer Networking

Over the past decades, computer networking underwent an evolution
from centralized computing to distributed computing to collaborative
computing.

Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8 th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
 Centralized Computing

Unchanged through the 1970’s. In this model, large centralized

computers, called mainframes, were used to process and store data.
During the mainframe era (beginning in the 1940’s), people entered data
on mainframes through the use of local input devices called terminals.
These devices were called “dumb” terminals because they did not
conduct any processing, or “smart”, activities.
The centralized computing model is not a true network because there is
no sharing of data and capabilities. The mainframe provides all the
capabilities, and the terminals are only input/output devices. Computer
networks evolved in the 1980s when organizations needed separate,
independent computers to communicate with each other.
Centralized computing has seen a renaissance as a business turn to thin
clients to reduce costs for support, energy, or software licenses and to
increase productivity and security.

Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8 th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
 Distributed Computing
The introduction of personal computers in the late 1970s and early
1980s gave individuals control over their own computing. Organizations
also realized that they could use multiple small computers to achieve
many of the same processing goals of a single large computer. Rather
than using one mainframe to perform all the processing, people could
work on independent subsets of tasks on separate computers, and
combine the individual results. To achieve this, computer networks were
needed so that data and services could be easily shared between these
distributed computers. The 1980s were characterized by an evolution to a
computing model called Distributed Computing, in which separate
computers work independently on subsets of tasks and then the
individual results are pooled by communicating over a network.
Distributed computing has seen a reemergence in the form of grid
computing. In grid computing architectures, large computing tasks are
broken into small chunks, each of which can be completed by individual
computers, and the individual results are combined to arrive at the end
result.
Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8 th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
 Collaborative Computing
In the 1990s, a new computing model, called Collaborative Computing,
emerged. Collaborative computing is a synergistic form of distributed
computing in which two or more networked computers work together to
accomplish a common processing task. That is, in this model of
computing, computers are not working independently on (more or less
equivalent) subtasks, but are have well-defined processing capabilities
and responsibilities. For example, one computer may be used to store am
large employee database. A second computer may be used to process and
update individual employee records retrieved from this database. The
two computers collaborate to keep the company’s employee records
current.

Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8 th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
 Distributed Computing
The introduction of personal computers in the late 1970s and early
1980s gave individuals control over their own computing. Organizations
also realized that they could use multiple small computers to achieve
many of the same processing goals of a single large computer. Rather
than using one mainframe to perform all the processing, people could
work on independent subsets of tasks on separate computers, and
combine the individual results. To achieve this, computer networks were
needed so that data and services could be easily shared between these
distributed computers. The 1980s were characterized by an evolution to a
computing model called Distributed Computing, in which separate
computers work independently on subsets of tasks and then the
individual results are pooled by communicating over a network.
Distributed computing has seen a reemergence in the form of grid
computing. In grid computing architectures, large computing tasks are
broken into small chunks, each of which can be completed by individual
computers, and the individual results are combined to arrive at the end
result.
Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8 th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
 The Internet
The name Internet is derived from the concept of internetworking,
which means connecting host computers and their networks to form even
larger networks.
The Internet is a large worldwide collection of networks that uses a
common protocol to communicate.

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)

DARPA began to study ways to interconnect networks of various kinds
way back in the late 1960s by the U.S.

ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

The research effort produced by DARPA, ARPANET, a large wide area
network (WAN) that linked many universities and research centers.

Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8 th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
The Internet

The Internet is a global network of interconnected devices and networks that

allows people to communicate and access information from anywhere in the
world. It is made up of a complex infrastructure that includes computers,
servers, routers, switches, and other hardware and software components, as
well as the protocols and standards that are used to connect and communicate
between devices.
(https://www.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet.htm)

The Internet is built on a set of protocols and standards, such as TCP/IP

(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which define how devices on
the network communicate with each other and access resources. Other
important protocols include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), which is used to
transmit web pages, and FTP (File Transfer Protocol), which is used to transfer
files between computers. (https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP_IP.html)
The Internet

The Internet is made up of a wide variety of networks, including public

and private networks, and is accessed through a variety of mediums,
including wired and wireless connections. Access providers, such as
Internet service providers (ISPs) and mobile carriers, provide individuals
and businesses with connection to the Internet.
(https://www.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet.htm)

The Internet allows people to connect and communicate with each

other, access and share information, and use online services and
applications from anywhere in the world. It has transformed the way we
live, work, and communicate, and has had a profound impact on virtually
every aspect of modern life. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/
Internet)
 The Brief History of Network
The history of computer networking can be traced back to the early days of
computing, with the development of the ARPANET in the late 1960s being a key
milestone. This early network was designed to allow researchers at different locations
to communicate and share information, and it served as the foundation for the
development of many other networks that followed.
Over the years, computer networking has evolved significantly, with the
development of new technologies and protocols that have enabled the creation of
more advanced and sophisticated networks. Some notable milestones in the history
of networking include:
• The development of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet
Protocol (IP) in the 1970s, which formed the basis for the modern internet
• The creation of the World Wide Web in the late 1980s, which made it easy for users
to access and share information online
• The widespread adoption of Ethernet in the 1980s and 1990s, which allowed for
the creation of local area networks (LANs)
• The development of wireless networking technologies in the 1990s, which enabled
the creation of wireless networks and the proliferation of mobile devices
• The increasing use of the internet and networking technologies in the 21st century,
which has led to the creation of global networks and the rise of cloud computing.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/a-brief-history-of-computer-networking/
https://www.lifewire.com/history-of-networking-816370
 Basic of Internet Infrastructure
The internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that
enables the exchange of data and information between computers and other devices.
At a high level, the internet infrastructure consists of the following components:

1. Client devices: These are the devices that users interact with to access the internet,
such as computers, smartphones, tablets, and smart appliances.
2. Network access points: These are the points of connection between client devices
and the rest of the internet. They can include wired connections, such as Ethernet
cables, or wireless connections, such as Wi-Fi.
3. Internet service providers (ISPs): These are the companies that provide access to
the internet to individuals and organizations. They typically operate networks of
servers and other equipment that provide connectivity to the internet.
4. Data centers: These are facilities that house large numbers of servers and other
computer equipment used to store, process, and transmit data and information. They
are an important part of the internet infrastructure, as they provide the computing
power and storage capacity needed to support many of the services and applications
that are used on the internet.
5. Internet exchange points (IXPs): These are locations where multiple ISPs can
exchange traffic with one another. They help to reduce the distance that data has to
travel, which can improve the performance of the internet.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/how-the-internet-works/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet_infrastructure.html
 Internet access providers (IAPs)
Internet access providers (IAPs) are companies that offer customers access to the
internet. They can provide this access through various means, such as through a wired
connection (such as a broadband connection or a cable modem) or a wireless
connection (such as a cellular network or a satellite connection).
IAPs are an important part of the internet infrastructure, as they enable individuals
and organizations to connect to the internet and access the vast array of information,
services, and resources that are available online. Some examples of IAPs include:
• Cable providers: These companies provide internet access through a cable
connection, which is typically faster than a dial-up connection but may require a
physical connection to a cable modem.
• DSL providers: These companies provide internet access through a digital
subscriber line (DSL) connection, which uses a telephone line to transmit data and
requires a DSL modem.
• Fiber providers: These companies provide internet access through a fiber-optic
connection, which is capable of very high speeds and is typically more reliable
than other types of connections.
• Cellular providers: These companies provide internet access through a cellular
network, which enables users to connect to the internet using a mobile device
such as a smartphone or tablet.
Sources: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ISP.html
https://www.lifewire.com/types-of-internet-service-providers-816388
 Transmission of Data and Information
The transmission of data and information over the internet involves the
movement of digital data from one device to another through a network of
interconnected devices. This process is made possible by a set of protocols, or rules,
that define how data is formatted, transmitted, and received.

One of the most widely used protocols for transmitting data and information
over the internet is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP is a connection-
oriented protocol that establishes a reliable, end-to-end connection between two
devices and ensures that data is transmitted accurately and without errors.

Another important protocol for transmitting data and information over the
internet is the Internet Protocol (IP). IP is a network-layer protocol that enables
devices to communicate with one another by assigning each device a unique IP
address and routing data between devices based on these addresses.

Other protocols that are used for transmitting data and information over the
internet include the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is used for transmitting
data in real-time applications, and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), which is used for
transferring files between devices.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/how-data-is-transmitted-over-the-internet/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP.html
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IP.html
 Internet Address, also known as an IP Address

An internet address, also known as an IP address, is a numerical label assigned to

each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication. An IP address serves two main functions: it identifies the host or
network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network.

IP addresses are typically assigned to devices by an Internet Service Provider

(ISP) or network administrator. There are two main types of IP addresses: IPv4 and
IPv6. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers that are typically expressed as four decimal
numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1). IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers
that are typically expressed as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by
colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

IP addresses are a key component of the internet infrastructure, as they enable

devices to communicate with one another and access resources on the internet.

Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/what-is-an-ip-address/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IP_address.html
 The World Wide Web (WWW or Web)

The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is a vast network of interconnected

documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. It is a platform for
accessing and sharing information on the internet, and it has revolutionized the way
we communicate and access information.

The Web was developed by Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, in the
late 1980s. He created the first web browser, called WorldWideWeb, and the first web
server, called CERN httpd. These tools allowed users to access and share information
over the internet by clicking on hyperlinks.

Today, the Web is an essential part of our daily lives, with billions of people around
the world using it to access information, communicate with others, and conduct
business. It has also had a profound impact on many aspects of society, including
education, entertainment, and commerce.

Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/the-history-of-the-world-wide-web/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/World_Wide_Web.html
 httpd (Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon)

httpd (Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon) is a software program that runs on a

web server and listens for incoming requests for web pages from clients (such as a
web browser). When a request is received, httpd sends the requested web page back
to the client.

Httpd is the most commonly used web server software on the internet, and it is
the foundation of the modern web. It is a key component of the World Wide Web, as
it enables users to access and share information over the internet by clicking on
hyperlinks.

Httpd was developed by Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, in the late
1980s as part of the development of the World Wide Web. The first version of httpd,
called CERN httpd, was used to serve the first web pages on the internet. Today, there
are many different versions of httpd available, including Apache httpd, which is the
most widely used.

Sources: https://httpd.apache.org/
https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/what-is-a-web-server/
 Web addresses, also known as URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)

Web addresses, also known as URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), are used to
identify and locate resources on the World Wide Web. A URL consists of a protocol
(such as HTTP or HTTPS), a domain name, and optional parameters that specify the
location of a specific resource on the web.

For example, the URL "https://www.example.com/about" specifies a resource on

the web that can be accessed using the HTTPS protocol, located on the domain
"example.com", at the location "/about". When a user enters this URL into a web
browser, the browser sends a request to the server hosting the website and retrieves
the specified resource.

Web addresses are a crucial part of the World Wide Web, as they allow users to
easily access and share information on the internet.

Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/what-is-a-url/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/URL.html
 Top-Level Domains (TLDs)
Top-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level of domain names in the
hierarchical domain name system (DNS) that is used to identify and locate resources
on the internet. TLDs are the last part of a domain name, and they are used to
indicate the type of organization or entity that owns the domain.

There are several types of TLDs, including:

• Generic TLDs (gTLDs): These are TLDs that are not specific to a particular country
or region and can be used by anyone, such as .com, .net, and .org.

• Country-code TLDs (ccTLDs): These are TLDs that are specific to a particular
country or region, such as .uk for the United Kingdom and .jp for Japan.

• Infrastructure TLDs: These are TLDs that are used for special purposes, such
as .arpa for internet infrastructure purposes.

• The most commonly used TLDs are .com, .net, and .org, which are generic TLDs.
However, there are many other TLDs available, and new TLDs are being added to
the internet on a regular basis.
Sources: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TLD.html
https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/internet-domain-names/
 Introduction to Cloud Computing
Cloud computing provides us a means by which we can access the
applications as utilities, over the Internet. It allows us to create, configure,
and customize applications online.
With Cloud Computing users can access database resources via the
internet from anywhere for as long as they need without worrying about any
maintenance or management of actual resources.

What is Cloud?
The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say
that Cloud is something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can
provide services over network, i.e., on public networks or on private
networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
Applications such as email, web conferencing, customer relationship
management (CRM), all run in cloud.

Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
 What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accesing the
applications online. It offers online data storage, infrastructure and
application.

Cloud computing is both a combination of software and hardware

based computing resources delivered as a network service.

Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
 Basic Concepts

There are certain services and models working behind the

scene making the cloud computing feasible and accessible to end
users. Following are the working models for cloud computing:

1. Deployment Models
Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud. i.e.,
how the cloud is located? Cloud can have any of the four types of
access: Public, Private, Hybrid and Community.

2. Service Models
Service models are the reference models on which the Cloud
Computing is based. These can be categorized into three basic
service models: IaaS, Paas and Saas.
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
 Four types of Access in Deployment Models
1. Public Cloud
The public cloud allows systems and services to be easily
accessible to the general public. Public cloud may be less secure
because of its openness., e.g., e-mail.
2. Private Cloud
The private cloud allows systems and services to be accessible
within an organization. It offers increased security because of its
private nature.
3. Community Cloud
The community cloud allows systems and services to be
accessible by groups of organizations.
4. Hybrid Cloud
The Hybrid Cloud is mixture of public and private cloud.
However, the critical activities are performed using private cloud
while the non-critical activities are performed using public cloud.
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
 Three Basic Service Models

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is the delivery of technology infrastructure as an on
demand scalable service. IaaS provides access to fundamental
resources such as physical machines, virtual machines, virtual
storage, etc.
* Usually billed based on usage.
* Usually multi tenant virtualized environment.
* Can be coupled with Managed Services for OS and
application support.

Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications,
development and deployment tools, etc. PaaS provides all of the
facilities required to support the complete life cycle of building
and delivering web applications and services entirely from the
Internet.
Typically applications must be developed with a particular
platform in mind.
* Multi tenant environments
* Highly scalable multi tier architecture

Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
 3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
SaaS models allows to use software applications as a service to
end users. SaaS is a software delivery methodology that provides
licensed multi-tenant access to software and its functions
remotely as a Web-based service.

* Usually billed based on usage

* Usually multi tenant environment
* Highly scalable architecture

Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
 Advantages of Cloud Computing

* Lower computer costs

* Improved performance
* Reduced software costs
* Instant software updates
* Improved document format compatibility
* Unlimited storage capacity
* Increased data reliability
* Universal document access
* Latest version availability
* Easier group collaboration
* Device independence

Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

* Requires a constant Internet connection

* Does not work well with low-speed connections
* Features might be limited
* Can be slow
* Stored data can be lost
* Stored data might not be secure

Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
 Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the growing network of physical objects that
are equipped with sensors, software, and network connectivity, enabling them to
collect and exchange data. These objects, which are often referred to as "smart"
devices, are able to communicate with each other and with other systems over the
internet, enabling them to be monitored, controlled, and accessed remotely.

The IoT has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives, including how we
live, work, and play. It can enable the automation of many tasks, improve the
efficiency of various processes, and provide us with new ways to access and use
information.

Some examples of IoT applications include:

• Smart homes: IoT-enabled devices can be used to automate and control various
aspects of a home, such as lighting, heating, and security.
• Smart cities: IoT-enabled devices can be used to monitor and optimize the
performance of various urban systems, such as transportation, energy, and water.
• Industrial IoT: IoT-enabled devices can be used to improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of industrial processes, such as manufacturing and logistics.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/what-is-the-internet-of-things-iot/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IoT.html
The End