Pipe and Materials

Pipes is a circular closed conduit through

which the water may flow either under gravity
or under pressure.
 Pipes
The selection of material for the pipes is done on
the following points
• Carrying Capacity of the pipes
• Durability and life of the pipe
• Type of water to be conveyed and its corrosive
effect on the pipe material.
• Availability of funds
• Maintenance cost, repair etc..
 Types of pipes
Following types of pipes are commonly Used
• Cast Iron Pipes
• Steel Pipes
• Concrete Pipes
• Cement lined Cast Iron Pipes
• Plastic or PVC pipes
• Asbestos cement pipes
• Copper and lead pipes
• Vitrified Clay pipes
 Cast Iron Pipes

• Cast – Iron Pipes are mostly used in water

supply schemes. They have higher resistant to
corrosion, therefore have long life about 100
years.
• Cast Iron pipes are manufactured in lengths of
2.5 m to 5.5 m.
• Cast-Iron pipes are joined together by means
of Bell and Spigot, Threaded or flanged Joints
 Cast Iron Pipes

Advantages of CI Pipes
• Ease in jointing the pipes
• Can withstand high Internal pressure
• Have a very long design life. (100 years)
• They are less prone to corrosion.
 Cast Iron Pipes
Disadvantages of CI Pipes
• They are heavy and difficult to transport
• Length of pipe available as less (2.5 to 5.5m)
more joints are required for laying the pipes -
chances of leakage also Increases.
• They are brittle so they break or crack easily.
 Wrought Iron Pipes

• If compared with cast Iron, these are more

lighter, can be easily cut, threaded and worked,
give neat appearance if used in the interior
works.
• But it is more costly and less durable than cast
iron pipes. These pipes should be used only
inside the buildings, where they can be
protected from corrosion.
 Wrought Iron Pipes
•Wrought Iron pipes are joined together by
couplings or screwed and socketed joints.

•To Increase the life - galvanized with zinc.

 Steel Pipes

• Steel pipes strong in tension- large size diameter

pipes of 6m can be made of thin shell
Advantage:
• Used- raw water, trunk main or pumping main
where pressure are high and large size
• Steel pipes –greater difficulty in connection it is
not used in distribution lines
• Lighter in weight easily transported
 Steel Pipes
Disadvantage
• Thinner wall of steel pipe –susceptibility to
corrosion-high maintains cost
• Under normal condition -25 to 50 years
• Sand & clay - pitting outside pipe surface-
buried under ground
• Used to carry - raw water supply to treatment
plant
Steel Pipes
 Concrete Pipes

These pipes may be precast or Cast-in-situ

plain concrete pipe may be used at such places
where water does not flow under pressure,

These pipes are jointed with Bel &Spigot

Joints. Plain Concrete pipes are up to 60 cm
dia only, above pipes are reinforced.
 Concrete Pipes

Advantages of R.C.C Pipes

• Their life is more about 75 years
• They can be easily constructed in the factories or at site
• They have least coefficient of thermal expansion than other
types of pipes . Hence they do not require expansion joints
• They are not affected by atmospheric action or ordinary
soil under normal condition.
 Concrete Pipes
Disadvantages of R.C.C Pipes
• They are affected by acids, alkalis and salty
waters
• repairs are very difficult.
• heavy weight, their transportation and laying
cost is more.
• It is difficult to make connections in them
• Porosity may cause them to leak.
 Vitrified clay pipes
• Length about 0.6 to 1.2m
• Used for carrying sewage
and drainage at partial
depth
• Free from corrosion and
provide smooth surface
• Not used as pressure pipes
because clay are weak in
tension
 Asbestos pipes
• Pipes are available in
different size (10 to 90
cm in dia) 4m length
• With stand high pressure
• Joined by means of
special type of coupling
called simplex joints
 Asbestos pipes
Advantage:
• Light –easy to transport
• Assembled easily – no skilled labors
• Highly resistance to corrosion
• Highly flexible -120 angle deflection around
curves
Disadvantage:
• Costly, Low strength – damaged by excavating
tools or transportation
 PVC PIPES

• PVC stand for Polyvinyl

Chloride.

• This type of pipe has a wide

variety of plumbing uses from
drainage pipe to water mains.

• It is most commonly used for

irrigation piping, home, and
building supply piping.
 Water Quantity Estimation
• The quantity of water required for municipal
uses for which the water supply scheme has to
be designed requires following data:

• Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in

liters per day per head)
• Population to be served.

• Quantity = Per capita demand x Population

 Fluctuations in Rate of Demand
 Average Daily Per Capita Demand= Quantity
Required in 12 Months/ (365 x Population)

 If this average demand is supplied at all the times,

it will not be sufficient to meet the fluctuations.

 Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily

demand
 Fluctuations in Rate of Demand
 Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e.
Peak demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand
 Water Consumption Rate
Difficult to assess the quantity of water - many variable
factors affecting water consumption.

Types of water demands:

 Domestic water demand
 Industrial demand
 Institution and commercial demand
 Demand for public use
 Fire demand
 Loses and wastes
 Water Consumption Rate
 Water required in the houses for
drinking, bathing, cooking, washing etc.
 Mainly depends upon the habits, social status,
climatic conditions and customs of the people.
 As per IS: 1172-1963, under normal conditions,
the domestic consumption of water in India is
about 135 liters/day/capita
 Domestic water consumption
Small town and Cities :1172-1993
 Domestic water consumption for
town and cities – Full flushing system
Use Consumption in l/h/d

Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Bathing 75
Washing of cloths 25
Washing of utensil 15
Washing and cleaning of houses 15
Lawn watering &gardening 15
Flushing of water closets, etc 45
Total 200
 Industrial Demand
• Industrial water demand = Water demand of
Existing or likely to be started industries in near
future.
• This quantity vary with types & no. of industries,
which are existing in the city.
• Per capita consumption on account of industrial
needs is generally taken as 50 l/h/d
• In industrial city this demand may be as high as
450 l/c/d
 Industrial Demand
• The water required by factories, paper mills,
Cloth mills, Cotton mills, Breweries, Sugar
refineries etc. comes under industrial use.

• The quantity of water demand for industrial

purpose is around 20 to 25% of the total
demand of the city.
 Institution & Commercial demand
• Universities, Institution, commercial buildings &
commercial centers including office buildings,
warehouses, stores, hotels, shopping centers,
health centers, schools, temple, cinema houses,
railway and bus stations etc comes under this
category.
• On an average this value is taken as 20 l/h/d &
for highly commercialized cities it may be 50
l/c/d
 Demand for public use
• Quantity of water required for public utility
purposes such as for washing and sprinkling
on roads, cleaning of sewers, watering of
public parks, gardens, public fountains etc.
comes under public demand.
• To meet the water demand for public use,
provision of 5% of the total consumption is
made designing the water works for a city.
• A figure of 10 l/c/d is usually added
 Fire Demand
• Fire breakdown large quantity of water is
required - therefore provision is made in the
water work to supply sufficient quantity of
water or keep as reserve in the water mains

• Fire hydrants are usually fitted in water mains

at about 100 -150 m apart & fire fighting
pump is fitted to it in case of fire.
 Fire Demand
• The quantity of water required for fire fighting
is generally calculated by using different
empirical formulae.
• For Indian conditions kuiching’s formula gives
satisfactory results. Q=3182 √p
• Where ‘Q’ is quantity of water required in
litres/min
• ‘P’ is population of town or city in thousands
 Loses and wastes
• Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and
broken pipes, faulty valves and fittings.
• Losses due to, continuous wastage of water.
• Losses due to unauthorized and illegal
connections.
• While estimating the total quantity of water of a
town; allowance of 15% of total quantity of water
is made to compensate for losses, thefts and
wastage of water.
Factors affecting per capita demand
• Size of the city:
• Climatic conditions
• Habits of people and their economic status
• Industrial & commercial activities
• Pressure in the distribution system
• Quality of water supplied
• Development of sewerage facility
• System of supply
• Cost of water
• Policy of Metering & Method of charging
 Factors affecting losses & Wastes

• Water tight joints

• Pressure in distribution system
• System of supply
• Metering
• Unauthorized connections
Water for different activities in/small
building
Water for different Activities/Small
building