Chapter Four: Evaluative

Bibliometrics

Bibliometrics is often used to evaluate research.

Bibliometric evaluation has a clear science policy

dimension as its inherent incentive structure in
certain aspects aims at steering publishing efforts
towards certain publication types and channels.
 Citation Analysis
Citation analysis is the study of the impact and 
assumed quality of an article, an author or an
institution based on the number of times works
and/or authors have been cited by others.
Citation Analysis is the examination of the
frequency and patterns of citations in articles and
books.
 Citation Analysis is major area of Bibliometric.
researchers uses various methods of citation
analysis in order to establish relationships
between authors and their work.
 Cont…
Tools to assist in locating information, without
having to examine an entire document include
document surrogates/replacement such as:
Catalog records,
Citations,
Abstracts,
Summaries,
indexes,
database search systems,
Web search engines, and more.
 Methods of citation analysis for document
similarity computation
A. Bibliographic Coupling:
Bibliographic coupling, like Co-citation, is a similarity
measure that uses citation analysis to establish a
similarity relationship between documents.
Bibliographic coupling occurs when two
works reference a common third work in
their bibliographies.
It is an indication that a probability exists that the two
works treat a related subject matter.
 Cont..
Two documents are bibliographically coupled if they
both cite one or more documents in common.

The "coupling strength" of two given documents is

higher the more citations to other documents they
share.
B. Co-citation Coupling
Co-citation, like Bibliographic Coupling, is
a semantic similarity measure for documents that
makes use of citation relationships.
Co-citation is defined as the frequency with
which two documents are cited together by other
documents.
If at least one other document cites two
documents in common these documents are said
to be co-cited.
The more co-citations two documents receive, the
higher their co-citation strength, and the more
likely they are semantically related.
C. Co-citation Proximity Analysis
Co-citation Proximity Analysis or CPA is a document
similarity measure that uses citation analysis to assess
semantic similarity between documents at both the global
document level as well as at individual section-level.
The similarity measure builds on the co-citation
analysis approach, but differs in that it exploits the
information implied in the placement of citations within the
full-texts of documents.
Metrics
Traditional scholarly metrics count publications and
citations in journals, books, etc. 
Altmetrics are new metrics that count numbers of
downloads, views, comments on scholarly websites and
blogs, etc.
 Scientometrics
Is concerned with the quantitative features and
characteristics of science and scientific research.
Emphasis is placed on investigations in which the
development and mechanism of science are studied by
statistical mathematical methods.
Due to its fully interdisciplinary character, the journal
is indispensable/necessary to research workers and
research administrators.
 Cont..
 It provides valuable assistance to librarians and
document lists in central scientific agencies,
ministries, research institutes and laboratories.
 Includes the Journal of Research Communication
Studies.
 What is a patent?
A Patent: - is an exclusive right granted by government giving an
inventor the right, for a limited period:
To prohibit others from making, using or selling an invention
without permission.
In retune for the disclosure of his inventor is given a monopoly in
the use of it for a period of twenty years offer which time it passes
into the public domain.
Period of Patents - 20 Years
Patents are for inventions.
An invention: - is a product that is new or improved, or a process
that can be used in industry.
Patents generally cover:-
 innovations
 products or
 Processes that include new functional or technical aspects.
 What Can Be Patented?
They meet the criteria of
Novelty: - It must be the first of its kind.
Usefulness: - It must be useful.
Not Obvious: - It must not be obvious to others of
ordinary skill in the field to which the patent
pertains.
Industrial application (utility).
Statutory.
To Be Patentable Your Invention Must:-
Be New
Involve an inventive step
 The Basic Purpose of the Patent System
To encourage new inventions by recognizing the inventor.
 To allow the patentee to benefit from commercial exploitation
of the invention (by making, selling, using or importing).
 What is not patented? An invention is not patentable if it
is:-
 naturally occurring articles
 scientific principles
 mental steps (thought processes)
 methods for doing business
 Abstract ideas , Example: A method of doing
business…
 Natural phenomena , Example: Weather
 Laws of nature , Example: Gravity
 Procedures for obtaining Patents
 Prepare and file application
 Conduct searches to determine novelty
 Examination
 Deal with official objections
 Grant
 Pay renewal fees each year
Reasons to Get a Patent
To protect your product from competition
To license your product or method to others
To avoid having someone else patent what you are doing
To trade IP with other patent holders
To build IP “Equity”
There are three types of patents. 
1. Utility patents may be granted to anyone who
invents or discovers any new and useful process,
machine, article of manufacture, or composition of
matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof. 
2. Design patents may be granted to anyone who
invents a new, original, and ornamental design for an
article of manufacture. 
3. Plant patents may be granted to anyone who
invents or discovers and asexually reproduces any
distinct/different and new variety of plant.