It simply says that an action is right if it results in

the happiness
Defined - of the greatest number of people in a
society or group.
Is a theory of morality which advocates actions
that foster happiness or pleasure and opposes
actions that cause unhappiness or harm.
Three principlesStatements
that serve as the basic
that are axioms of
Like:
utilitarianism: considered self-
- We value beauty because it is pleasurable to
It is better to be happy than totrue
evidently be sad. This can’t
1. Pleasure
behold. or Happiness
Something that Is
is the
really be proved. But everyone thinks this. Only
- Thing
We value knowledge
That Truly
felt Hasbecause
but cannot be it is useful
Intrinsic Valueto us in
coping with the world,
seen and hence is linked to
happiness.
- We value love and friendship because they are
sources of pleasure.
This
Threesays
principles
that thethat
morality
serve of
as an
theaction
basic axioms
is decided
of
by
utilitarianism:
its consequences. The more happiness is
produced among those affected by the action, the
2. the
better Actions areSo,
action is. right Insofar
all things beingasequal,
They
giving presentsHappiness,
Promote to a whole gang of children
Wrong Insofaris better
than giving a present to just one. Similarly, saving
as They Produce Unhappiness
two lives is better than saving one life.
But, this principle is controversial.
This is because many people would say that what
decides the morality of an action is the MOTIVE
behind it. That is, if you give P1,000.00 FOR
CHARITY because you want to look good to voters
in an election. Your action is not so deserving of
praise as to one who gives P100.00 to charity
motivated by compassion, or a sense of duty.
Utilitarians
Three also
principles argue
that that
serve we
as have
the the
basic same
axioms of
Two
But ithundred
has changed
obligation to yearsthe
help over
ago, the
needyit was
years.
a commonly
strangers in held
far-off
utilitarianism:
view
The principle
that some oflives,
equality
andwas the happiness
decidedly
places as we have to help those closest tothey
us.
contained,
progressive. were
However, critics It lay
simply
behind
think more
that calls
thisimportant
on the utilitarianism
makes government
and
3.
valuable
to Everyone’s
pass policies
than Happiness Counts
unrealistic andothers.
thatdemanding.
too would benefit Butallitequally,
was alsonot
Equally
For
just example,
the that
argued ruling the
elite.
lives of
happiness the kings
is best servedwere moreperson
by each
important
The doctrine
focusing thandoes
those
primarily not
onofthemselves
saythethat
subjects
youand
should
orthose
peasants.
strive to
around
maximize
them. your own happiness. Rather, your
happiness is just that of one person and carries no
special weight.
PRINCIPLE OF THE GREATEST NUMBER

Equating happiness with Inwe

If other
arewords,
the only this is not
ones only
satisfied
Therefore, it is necessary about
by ourour
for us
individual
actions,
to
then itpleasures,
does not
pleasure does not aim to
consider everyone’s happiness,
regardlessaofmoral
constitute how good.
high, If we are
describe the utilitarian intellectual
the only ones orwho
in other ways happy
are made noble
including our
moral agent along and own, as
it
by the
is,
ourbut standard
it is
actions, also
we about
cannot by
thebe
pleasuregood.
morally of the greatest number
which to evaluate
independently from what is moral.
affected by the consequences of
others. our actions.
Society is made
JUSTICE happier
AND This
MORAL
The aforementioned The right to due concept extends
RIGHTS to
if its citizens are able to animals. They have rights
rights referred
live their lives knowingare process
to be taken care of and be
related to All
the Athese
moral or
The legal
right to free are
that their interests are protected. Utilitarians,
Rightand
interests
protected contribute
that
thatserve to
entitlement the
speechto have
society therefore, or
staunchest
as a whole general
defends
general happiness. obtain
it good
something
defenders of or to
animal act
The right to religionrights.
in a certain way
But, where does injustice
stand here?
- It is unjust to deprive any one of his personal liberty,
his property, or any other thing which belongs to him
by law.
- All persons are deemed to have a right to equality of
treatment.
Defined –
Example:
A philosophy that says that human beings possess
The idea that it is universally
intrinsic values that govern our reasoning andaccepted
and understood that killing a human
behavior. Natural law maintains that these rules or being
is wrong. However,
right or wrong are inherent it
in is also
people universally
and are not
accepted that Inborn,
punishing someone for
created by society or court judges.
natural
killing that person is right.
 CASE
ANALYSIS
In Ocober 2016,, newspapers reported that Pantaleon Alvares,
Speaker of the House of Representatives, was intending to
draft a bill which would amend the country’s Family Code,
thereby allowing for the legazliation of same-sex unions.
This would result in the possibility of two men together or
two women together being identified as couple with rights
guaranteed and protected by law.
However, even before anything could be formally proposed,
other fellow legislators had already expressed their refusal to
support such initiative.
 People would judge something as
The reason given: unacceptable on the basis that it is
supposed to be UNNATURAL.
Seeing two men or two
What do the words NATURAL and
women kiss is “irregular”
UNNATURAL mean?
and that two people of the
same being together is For instance, is it UNNATURAL for
UNNATURAL people to eat INSECTS?
Is it ok for men to have more than
ONE SEXUAL PARTNER?
 ESSENCE
Example:
As rational beings, we have free
- We work on a project to complete it. will. Through our
capacity
- We study forinreason, we are
order to learn. able to judge between
possibilities and to choose to direct our actions
- Your mother bakes in order to come up with cookies. in one
way
- Your or brother
the other. Our actions are directed toward
practices the guitar in order to get better at
attaining
it. ends or goods that we desire.
- You play basketball because you enjoy doing so.
What exactly is the common
good might not always be easy
to determine as there are many
variables.
What is of greater significance
is the recognition that we cannot
just act in any which way
because there have to be some
kind of measure or limits in our
actions.
Example:
The traffic rules.
A motorist cannot just drive in
any way he likes, but must
respect traffic rules.
Another limit of driving is
placing maximum speed when
travelling a particular road.
A LAW THEREFORE IS
CONCERNED WITH THE
COMMON GOOD.
Eternal Law  It is God’s plan to lead all
- is the Divine Wisdom of creation towards God’s
HIERARCHY
common good and
 power
God which oversees
about
to bringeternal salvific plan to be
the
salvation or
holy and blameless before
(RANKING) OF
redemption:
governs everything.  Him

Examples: TheLAW
Ten Commandments,
The Beatitudes, the Commandment
to Love One Another
Natural Law
 The natural law “hinges
upon the desire for God
and submission to Him, as
well as upon the sense that
the other is one’s equal”
This is derived from
nature rather than from
the rules of society, or
positive law.
Example:
natural drive to eat,
drink, sleep and
procreate
Human Law  - It is an ordinance of
is the interpretation of natural reason for the common
law in different contexts. good, made by him
who has care of the
community, and
Examples:
promulgated
right to life, the right to a fair trial, freedom
from torture and other cruel and inhuman
treatment, freedom of speech, freedom of
religion, and the rights to health, education
and an adequate standard of living.
Divine Law This is perceived as
is the historical laws of deriving from a
Scripture given to us transcendent source,
through God’s self- such as the will of God or
revelation. gods

Examples:
The Old Testaments of the Bible
The New Testaments of the Bible Shariʿa is
best understood as Islam's specifically divine law,
virtually synonymous with revelation
 VARIETIES
But, there are irrational
creatures (eg. Plants and
animals) and they are
Like:
Yet,, they instinctively follow
the natural law simply through
instinctual
We are born in this world to following their
participating in the eternal nature, complying with the
All grow and live and give
law,things partake
although in thenot
we could This can be determined in the
law
eternal law, purposeallto our lives.
meaning Wethat
very God has
inclinations for
that for
they
say that they are in any way
beings are understand
already created
“conscious” of the law.
thatby them.
there are laws directing their acts
possess,
God in a certainthat
wayweintended
need to follow.
towards their proper ends.
to return to Him.
But, human beings are
DIFFERENT. We are
RATIONAL, and participate
more fully and perfectly in the
law given our capacity for
reason - the capacity to think
what is good and what is evil -
and choose and direct
ourselves appropriately.
But, there is also a form of
happiness proportionate to our
This directs us to follow
human nature, which we can
instructions from Divine law.
obtain by means of
supernatural happiness, that
can be obtained through the
power of God alone.
 WHAT DO
YOU KNOW
ABOUT
DIVINE LAW?
The Ten commandments:
 TEN COMMANDMENTS ACCORDING TO QURAN

1. "There is no other god beside GOD," (47:19)

2. There is nothing that equals (like) Him. (42:11)
3. My Lord, make this a peaceful land, and protect me and my children
from worshiping idols. (14:35)
4.  Do not subject GOD's name to your casual swearing, that you may
appear righteous, pious, or to attain credibility among the people. (
2:224)
5. ..and your parents shall be honored. As long as one or both of them
live, you shall never say to them, "Uff" (the slightest gesture of
annoyance), nor shall you shout at them; you shall treat them amicably.
(17:23)
6. The thief, male or female, you shall mark their hands as a punishment for their crime,
and to serve as an example from GOD. GOD is Almighty, Most Wise. (5:38 - 39)
7. .. incur GOD's condemnation upon him, if he was lying. (24:7) Do not withhold any
testimony by concealing what you had witnessed. Anyone who withholds a testimony is
sinful at heart. (2:283)
8. You shall not commit adultery; it is a gross sin, and an evil behavior. (17:32)
9. You shall regard the parents, the relatives, the orphans, the poor, the related neighbor,
the unrelated neighbor, the close associate, the traveling alien, and your servants. (4:36)
10. O you who believe, when the Congregational Prayer (Salat Al-Jumu`ah) is announced
on Friday, you shall hasten to the commemoration of GOD, and drop all business.
 CASE:
SEXUAL MISCONDUCT
IN THE PHILIPPINE
CATHOLIC CHURCH:
SINS OF THE FATHER
What was his alibi?
Why was it UNETHICAL?
Catholic officials
He said that the word devote Father
their Achacoso,
entire lives to of
celibacy was just a man- the Canon Law
make a sacrifice to God.
But
1. what
The he did
priest was
took
made rule. He said that showing
Celibacy disrespect
is
Society of the to
God.
he awas
vow continuingvoluntary
of celibacy
merely vow of
Philippines said that
Why?
God’s Because
mandate which is sexual
he kept abstinence
a relationship with a
woman which from1 of 5
sexual priests
was considered as a sexual
have
to go out and multiply.
misconduct. sired children
intercourse by not
marrying.
 2. Homosexuality and pedophilia

Yet, those who did immoral Unfortunately, the

Father Mejorada fondled an Afterdiscredited
that, he them
things continued to work as priests
altarboy Michael Gatchalian acted as if he
priests. They thought it was as gamblers and
after convincing him to a was not doing
easy to pay the victims smokers and so their
dinner and to watch a anything wrong.
because they would be paid cases were eventually
movie.
anyway. dropped.
 3. Sexual abuses to young and
innocent girls.

Imeldawas
Imelda reported to theold
a 15-year police but for her god-
fearingworker.
church family Atgotfirst
angry
he and convinced her to
drop her
asked her company
to sit on hisbecause
lap. they thought it was
wrong.
Then, heShe said
asked her2 to
churchmen
kiss paid her $150.00
to keep
him silent.
and to giveIthim
wasa a fortune for a village girl.
massage.
But, why is the Catholic reluctant to punish a
priest?

2. Our culture has been impacted by amoral

1. There is a shortage of priests,
practices. Little by little, we become accustomed to
so the people have to make do
such practices, resulting to more cases of sexual
of them.
misconduct of the clergy.
3. The church is not just a
religious institution, but also a Cases were either
The church remains
political institution. The a strong guiding
presence across the dismissed
Philippines. It or settled
power of the church is so big out of court - better
secrecy and unchallenged
that you cannot just pursue power is
leading the most vulnerablesolved
at riskbehind
in closed
the case, because you will doors.
this devote nation.
never win. Take note, they
pay their victims to keep
silent.