Discrete Mathematics

Dr. Anuj Kumar

anujkumar@ddn.upes.ac.in
7417366991
SETS
UNION
INTERSECTION

A B
One-to-one correspondence:

Let A and B be two sets. If a rule is such that it associates with each element of one and only one element
then this rule is said to be one-to-one. If also with each element there exists exactly one element then this
rule is said to be one-to-one and onto. This is defined as one-to-one correspondence.
Two sets A and B are said to be equivalent (written as A~B) if there exists a one-to-one correspondence
between their elements.
Example: A = {1,2,3,4,5} and B = {a, e, I, o, u}

f
1 a
2 e
3 i
4 o
5 u

A B
Countably Infinite Set:
An infinite set (A) is said to be countably infinite (or denumerable) if it is equivalent to the set of natural

numbers (N). Or
An infinite set (A) is said to be countable infinite if there exists an one-to-one correspondence with the set
of natural numbers (N).

Countable Set: A set which is either empty, finite or countably infinite is called countable otherwise
uncountable set.
Example1: The set of all integers (Z) is a countable set.
To understand this fact, let us consider a diagram
N: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 …
Z: 0 1 -1 2 -2 3 -3 4 -4 …
The previous function can be described by the explicit formula

Example 2: The set of even integers is a countable set.

Example 3: The set of negative integers is a countable set.
Example 4: The set of prime numbers is a countable set.
Example 5: The set of real numbers in [0, 1] is an uncountable set.
Ques1. Verify all the set identities with

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., 20}

A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …, 20}

B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …, 20}

C = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}