Industrial Automation

and Robotics
(MET-352)

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 Fluid Circuits

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 Elements of a Circuit Diagram

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 Monostable and Bistable Elements

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 Flow of signal in a Fluid Circuit

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Fluid Power and Circuits
Naming of port is standardized
P: pressure port/supply port
R, T: Exhaust port; R for
pneumatic T for Hydraulic
A, B, C: Working ports which supply pressure to actuators (cylinders
or motors)
L: leakage port (only in hydraulics)
X, Y, Z: Pilot supplied (dotted
lines)
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Arrows: Arrows used for hydraulics
Pilot operation/Actuation
When the pressurized fluid is used to operate valves in addition to extending and
retracting of cylinder, it is called as pilot actuation or pilot operation and the
additional valves used for these purpose are called pilot valves.

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Pneumatic circuit for control of Single acting cylinder

Here a single acting cylinder

(1.0) is controlled by 3/2 push
button operated, spring-
returned direction control valve
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Pneumatic circuit for control of Double acting cylinder

Here a double acting cylinder

(1.0) is controlled by 4/2 push
button operated, spring-
returned direction control valve
(1.1) as control element.
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Simple pneumatic circuit - single acting actuator
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rTFz
eBMJhg)

Simple pneumatic circuit - double acting actuator

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uPtNkWjtQE)

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Different type of Valves
Check Valve

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Quick Exhaust Valve
Quick exhaust valves are used to reduce the time required for venting pneumatic
actuators. It accelerates the venting capacity to vent the pneumatic actuator more
quickly.

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Time Delay Valve/Air Timer
In certain applications like machining or press operation it is necessary that certain operation
be delayed by some fraction even after pressing valve. This objective is achieved by Time
delay valve. Time delay valve is a combination valve used to set the operation time as per the
requirement. The symbol of a time delay valve is shown below:

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 Transfer Devices and Feeders

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 Transfer Devices and Feeders

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 Type of Assembly Lines

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 Methods of Work Part Transfer/Transfer Systems

The four main types of transfer systems are:

1. Continuous transfer
2. Intermittent or Synchronous transfer
3. Asynchronous or power-and-free transfer
4. Stationary

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 **Line balancing is the optimization of the assignment of operations to workstations in an
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4. Stationary system
The part is placed in a fixed location where it
remains during the entire assembly process.
This system is used when the assembled
product is bulky or difficult to handle, e.g.,
airplanes, ships, etc.

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 Transfer Mechanisms

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A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a
circular gear (the pinion) engaging a linear gear (the rack).
Together, they convert rotational motion into linear motion.
Rotating the pinion causes the rack to be driven in a line.
Conversely, moving the rack linearly will cause the pinion to
rotate. A rack and pinion drive can use both straight and helical
gears.
 Rack and pinion mechanisms are employed in ordinary
industrial machinery for lifting mechanisms (vertical
movement), horizontal movement, positioning mechanisms,
stoppers, and synchronous rotation of numerous shafts. On
the other hand, they are also used in steering systems to
change the direction of cars.
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 Geneva Mechanism
The Geneva drive or Maltese cross is a gear mechanism that translates a
continuous rotation movement into intermittent rotary motion.
The rotating drive wheel is usually equipped with a pin that reaches into a slot located in the other wheel (driven
wheel) that advances it by one step at a time. The drive wheel also has an elevated circular blocking disc that "locks"
the rotating driven wheel in position between steps.
The name, Geneva drive, is derived from the devices earliest application in mechanical watches, which were
popularized in Geneva, being the classical origin of watchmaking industry. The mechanism is frequently used in
mechanical watches, since it can be made small and is able to withstand substantial mechanical stress.

The Geneva drive is also called a "Maltese cross mechanism" due to the visual resemblance when the rotating
wheel has four spokes.
In the most common arrangement of the Geneva drive, the client wheel has four slots and thus advances the drive
by one step at a time (each step being 90 degrees) for each full rotation of the master wheel. If the steered wheel
has n slots, it advances by 360°/n per full rotation of the propeller wheel.

Because the mechanism needs to be well lubricated, it is often enclosed in an oil capsule.

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One application of the Geneva drive is in film movie
projectors and movie cameras, where the film is pulled
through an exposure gate with periodic starts and stops.

The film advances frame by frame, each frame standing still in

front of the lens for a portion of the frame cycle (typically at a
rate of 24 cycles per second), and rapidly accelerating,
advancing, and decelerating during the rest of the cycle.
This intermittent motion is implemented by a Geneva drive,
which in turn actuates a claw that engages sprocket holes in the
film. The Geneva drive also provides a precisely repeatable Movie Projector with hand crank and Geneva drive

stopped position, which is critical to minimizing jitter in the

successive images. (Modern film projectors may also use an
electronically controlled indexing mechanism
or stepper motor, which allows for fast-forwarding the film.)
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Other applications of the Geneva drive include the pen change

mechanism in plotters, automated sampling devices, banknote counting

machines, and many forms of indexable equipment used in manufacturing

(such as the tool changers in CNC machines; the turrets of turret lathes, screw

machines, and turret drills; some kinds

of indexing heads and rotary tables; and so on)

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Feeders
A feeder is an extremely important element in a bulk material handling system since it is the
means by which the rate of solids flow from a hopper or bin is controlled. When a feeder stops,
solids flow should cease. When a feeder is tuned on, there should be a close correlation between
its speed of operation and rate of discharge of bulk solid. Feeders feed material to conveyers,
processors, and other equipment at a controlled rate to maximize efficiency and production. In
essence, they are short conveyers that come in multiple shapes and sizes. Feeders are also used
in recycling applications.
These differ from conveyers in that the latter are only capable of transporting material, not
modulating the rate of flow. Dischargers are not feeders. Such devices are sometimes used to
encourage material to flow from a bin, but they cannot control the rate at which material flows.
This requires a feeder.

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 Gravimetric

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 Gravimetric Feeder

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Thank You