Advanced vihicle daynamics

(AEng6203)
Presentation
on
ABS and TCS, and effect of driving torque and braking torque on
steering Presented by: Abubaker Muzayin Ali
ID.No: pgr/27921/15

Submitted to: Dr. N Ramesh Babu Nallamothu

Department of Mechanical Engineering
SoMCME
Subdivision automotive engineering
Adama Science and Technology University

23, Feb 2023

Adama, Ethiopia
 Topics
Todays presentation include
1.Anti-lock braking system
2. Traction control system
3. The effect of driving torque and braking
torque on steering.
 Anti-lock braking system
An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety system used for modern vehicles
It allows driver to have steady control of wheels during hurry emergency
braking.
It prevents the wheels from locking up at the time of braking, thus maintaining
traction on the road.
All of This allows the driver to maintain more control over the vehicle with more
effort.
It Works on the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking basically.
These systems are commonly found in the recent modern vehicles.
The ABS system operates at a much higher speed and works much more
effectively than other types of braking systems.
 Objective of Anti-lock brake system
The main purpose of ABS is to prevent skidding where loss of
steering and control result from locked wheels when braking hard
While skidding, you lose your steering control and cannot steer the
car in the desired direction.
So shortly to preventing the wheels from locking up during braking.
prevents the vehicle from slipping, provides more control, and
prevents accidents.
 2.Component of ABS
The following are the important parts of anti-lock braking system:
1 Speed sensors
ABS system needs speed sensor to know when a wheel is about to lock.
The ABS sensor normally consists of a toothed ring and a magnet
enclosed within a coil.
The contact among the ring and the magnet induces an electric field due
to which a signal is generated.
This signal is then transformed into a digital signal and sent to the ABS
controller. The controller then determines the speed of each wheel
individually.
To generate a signal, these sensors use a magnet, a Hall effect sensor, or
a toothed wheel and a coil of electromagnetic energy.
 Cont..

Fig.1 ABS sensor and tooth ring.

 2.Valve
ABS has a valve in its brake line. Valves play a major role in the
ABS system
It controls the pressure and limits it to a certain amount.
during braking pedal is pushed harder, the valves limit the pressure
on the brakes.
The valve has three positions open, block, and release.
Open position, it allows the pressure to flow through the brake.
Block position, it blocks the extra pressure and maintains a limited
pressure in the system.
Release position, it releases the pressure held on the brakes.
 3.Pump
pump is used to restore pressure after the valves have
been released.
A signal from the controller will release the valve upon
detection of wheel slip.
Braking system is restored to the desired pressure level
after the valve releases the pressure supplied by the
user.
 4.Controllers

The wheel speed sensor sends information to

the controller, which is a type of ECU unit.
The controller receives a signal when a wheel
loses traction.
The controller will then limit the brake force
and activate the ABS modulator, which turns
the braking valve on and off.
 3.Working principle of ABS
o When the wheel or differentials of the vehicle rotates, it induces
magnetic field around the sensor.
o The fluctuation in this magnetic field generates voltage in the sensor.
The voltage generated sends signals to the controller.
o With the help of the voltage the controller reads the acceleration and
deceleration of the wheel.
o Then valves rapidly apply and release the brake automatically to keep
vehicle tires from skidding and help keep the driver in control of the
vehicle.
o If speed sensors detect the speed of any of the wheels is reducing
drastically compared to others, the ECU sends the signal to the valves
of the respective wheel to reduce the brake pressure, and the valves get
closed.
 AUTOMATIC TRACTION CONTROL

Introduction
The steer ability of a vehicle is not only lost when the wheels lock up on braking;
 the same effect arises if the wheel’s spin when driving off under severe acceleration.
 Traction control has been developed as a supplement to ABS.
 This control system prevents the wheels from spinning when moving off or when
accelerating sharply while on the move.
 In this way, an individual wheel, which is spinning is braked in a controlled manner.
 Traction control is not normally available as an independent system, but in
combination with ABS.
 This is because many of the components required are the same as for the ABS.
Traction control only requires a change in logic control in the ECU and a few extra
control elements such as control of the throttle.
The main controller for the traction can include one of the following, depending on make,
model, and year of vehicle:
1. The body control module (BCM)
2. The powertrain control module (PCM)
3. The antilock brake system (ABS) controller
The controller uses inputs from several sensors to determine if a loss of traction is
occurring. The input signals used for traction control include:
 Throttle position (TP) sensor:-This indicates the position of the throttle, which is
the driver command for power.
 Wheel speed sensor (WSS) :-The controller monitors all four-wheel speed sensors.
If one wheel is rotating faster than the other, this indicates that the tire is slipping or
has lost traction.
 Engine speed (RPM):-This information is supplied from the engine controller
powertrain control module (PCM) and indicates the speed of the engine.
  Transmission range switch :-Determines which gear the driver has selected so that
the PCM can take corrective
action.
Automatic traction control (ATC) systems apply the brakes when a drive wheel attempts to spin and lose
traction.
Controlling wheel slip is the goal of both ABS and ATC.
 ABS controls negative wheel slip by modulating the hydraulic pressure to the wheel, or wheels, that is
skidding.
 An ATC system controls positive wheel spin by modulating hydraulic pressure at the wheel that is
spinning to slow down the wheel

figure: Typical traction control

Controls
 More advanced systems work at higher speeds and
integrate some engine control functions into the control
loop.
 Most ATC compare front wheel speeds to rear wheel
speeds to determine if drive wheels lose traction. When
drive wheel slip is detected while the brake is not
applied, the electronic brake control module (EBCM)
will enter into the traction control mode.
Control functions

Control of tractive force can be by a number of methods.

three techniques used to prevent wheel spin,
Throttle Control.
Ignition Control.
Brake Control.
Throttle control This can be via an actuator, which can move the throttle
cable, or if the vehicle employs a drive-by wire accelerator, then control will
be in conjunction with the engine management ECU.
Ignition control If ignition is retarded, the engine torque can be reduced by
up to 50% in a very short space of time.
Brake control If the spinning wheel is restricted by brake pressure, the
reduction in torque at the affected wheel is very fast. Maximum brake
pressure is not used, to ensure passenger comfort is maintained.
The effect of driving torque and braking torque on steering (torque steer)

• Torque steer happens mostly in FWD cars and refers to a situation when
a car's engine torque influences its steering.
• TORQUE STEER is the tendency of a vehicle to pull to either the left or
right under acceleration or braking. 
• Because of this layout, with the engine and gearbox mounted together, it
means unequal length driveshaft need to be used to accommodate
them.
• In turn, this means an unequal amount of stress is put upon the drive
shafts by the engine torque and that’s what causes the car to pull to one
side. That is what we called torque steer (the effect of torque on
steering).
 Torque steer occurs for various reasons,
• Some of which relate to the car’s tires,
• While others involve suspension geometry and chassis
dynamics.
• However, the most common cause of torque steer in front-
drive vehicles is the orientation of their engine.
In RWD vehicles, the engine and drivetrain components such as
the differential are oriented in a straight line from front to back.
This configuration allows the components (half-shafts) that
connect the drive wheels to the differential to be the same size
and length, which means that they carry the same forces over
the same distance.
So No torque steer happen in RWD car.