1

FORMULATION FOR PULLOUT LOAD OF INLCLINED SQUARE ANCHOR PLATES FOR

UNREINFORCED AND REINFORCED SOFT CLAY UNDER STATIC LOADING

Major Project submitted to: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Specialization:
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of Prepared by

Dr. SUMIT KUMAR BISWAS SAYAN SANTRA
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT CLASS ROLL NO:001910401161
JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
KOLKATA – 700032
 CONTENTS 2

SL NO. DESCRIPTION PG NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 to 5

3 OBJECTIVE 6

4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 7

5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 8 to 36

6 SUMMARY 37 to 43

7 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK 44 to 45

8 REFERENCE 46
 INTRODUCTION 3

• The foundations of many civil engineering

structures are subjected to vertical or inclined
tensile loads.
• To withstand such loads, horizontal plate anchors
are widely used both in onshore and offshore
structures.
• Different types of anchorages are used in the field
depending on the size and type of loading, the type
of structure to be supported, the importance of the
structures and the conditions of the subsoil.
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
 OBJECTIVE 6

• The aim of present study has been concentrated on finding out an empirical relationship of Pullout behaviour
of inclined square plate anchors with variations of different fundamental parameters such as inclination,
embedment ratio, plate size as well as breakout factor.

• With the above in view, the following objectives have been identified for the present study:
i. Formulation of relation of pullout behaviour of inclined plate anchors without reinforcement in soft clay by
statistical analysis of experimental and theoretical investigation under the effect of shape, angle of inclination, size
of anchors and embedment depth in terms of breakout factor on such pullout of plate anchors. ( keeping cohesion
value of soil specimen constant).

ii. Formulation of relation of breakout factor of inclined plate anchors with geotextile reinforcement in soft clay by
statistical analysis of experimental and theoretical investigation under the effect of shape, angle of inclination, size
of anchors and embedment depth in terms of breakout factor on such pullout of plate anchors. ( keeping cohesion
value of soil specimen constant).

iii. To compare the actual vs formulated values obtained from i and ii.
 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 7
 

• The setup for the experiment was as follows:-

• Three different sizes of plate of 25mm, 50mm and 75mm at
• Three different embedment ratios of 1, 2 and 3 at
• Three different inclined angles of 30, 45 and 60 degree with
horizon for
• Unreinforced and Reinforced soil condition.
Schematic diagram of Test Set Up
• The numerical models also have been run according to its model
anchor specification. A thin geotextile layer, having width of 4 times
the size of anchor plate is placed at distance of 0.25times of the
embedment depth form anchor plate parallel to the plate to study the
pullout capacity in reinforced soft clay soil. (Validation from a paper
by Das and Puri (1989).)

Picture of Test Set Up

 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 8

• The Statistical analysis encompasses :-

• Pullout behaviour of square anchor plates is formulated under static loading for unreinforced
soft clay under different inclination, plate area, embedment ratios in terms of breakout factor.
• Pullout behaviour of square anchor plates is formulated under static loading for reinforced soft
clay under different inclination, plate area, embedment ratios in terms of breakout factor.
• The test results above two points have also been compared with test results.

• The variable parameters which were used in both the studies are size of plates, embedment ratios,
the angles of inclination of anchor plate, breakout factor and reinforced condition of soil.
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 9

A. PULLOUT LOAD FORMULATION IN UNREINFORCED SOFT CLAY UNDER STATIC

LOADING:-
• In this section formulation of pullout load with variation of different important design parameters (i.e.
plate size, inclination angle and embedment ratio) under the effect of static loading in unreinforced
condition, have been presented through linear regression with the help of different table and graphs with
concluding observations.
• NOTE:- 1) case code: P = plate size ; E = embedment ratio ; A = Inclination angle wrt. Horizontal.
2) cases of plate size above 50mm square plate is separated due to analysis procedure.
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 10
TABLE 1:- RELATION BETWEEN PULLOUT LOAD UNDER UNREINFORCED CONDITION
PULL BREAKOUT
PLATE INCLINATION
SL OUT FACTOR(BF)
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
NO LOAD (F)
(m^2) (DEGREE)
(UR) (UR)
1 25P-IE-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 1 6.10 4.79 0.002994
2 25P-2E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 2 9.50 7.42 0.009275
3 25P-3E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 3 9.60 7.61 0.014269
4 25P-IE-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 1 3.50 2.78 0.000579
5 25P-2E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 2 4.00 3.18 0.001325
6 25P-3E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 3 4.30 3.42 0.002138
7 25P-1E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 1 4.40 3.48 0.001088
8 25P-2E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 2 5.20 4.11 0.002569
9 25P-3E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 3 5.80 4.59 0.004303
10 25P-1E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 1 4.70 3.69 0.001538
11 25P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 2 5.80 4.57 0.003808
12 25P-3E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 3 6.20 4.89 0.006113
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 11
TABLE 1:- RELATION BETWEEN PULLOUT LOAD UNDER UNREINFORCED CONDITION
PULL BREAKOUT
PLATE INCLINATION
SL OUT FACTOR(BF)
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
NO LOAD (F)
(m^2) (DEGREE)
(UR) (UR)
1 50P-1E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 1 12.00 3.56 0.008900
2 50P-2E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 2 24.00 4.71 0.023550
3 50P-3E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 3 29.00 5.67 0.042525
4 50P-1E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 1 6.20 1.19 0.000992
5 50P-2E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 2 7.80 1.47 0.002450
6 50P-3E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 3 10.00 2.39 0.005975
7 50P-1E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 1 7.60 1.67 0.002088
8 50P-2E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 2 10.10 1.93 0.004825
9 50P-3E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 3 12.40 2.95 0.011063
10 50P-1E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 1 7.20 1.86 0.003100
11 50P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 2 12.20 2.34 0.007800
12 50P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 3 17.60 3.38 0.016900
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 12
TABLE 1:- RELATION BETWEEN PULLOUT LOAD UNDER UNREINFORCED CONDITION
PULL BREAKOUT
PLATE INCLINATION
SL OUT FACTOR(BF)
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
NO LOAD (F)
(m^2) (DEGREE)
(UR) (UR)
1 75P-1E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 1 34.00 2.95 0.016594
2 75P-2E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 2 46.00 3.95 0.044438
3 75P-3E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 3 55.00 4.69 0.079144
4 75P-1E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 1 17.00 1.44 0.002700
5 75P-2E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 2 20.50 1.66 0.006225
6 75P-3E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 3 27.50 2.11 0.011869
7 75P-IE-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 1 19.50 1.68 0.004725
8 75P-2E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 2 27.00 2.26 0.012713
9 75P-3E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 3 32.50 2.5 0.021094
10 75P-IE-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 1 24.50 2.24 0.008400
11 75P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 2 30.00 2.68 0.020100
12 75P-3E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 3 38.00 3.17 0.035663
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 13
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)
Regression of variable PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR):
Goodness of fit statistics (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Statistics Training set Validation set
Observations 23 1
Sum of weights 23 1
DF 21 -1
R² 0.897  
Adjusted R² 0.892  
MSE 4.429  
RMSE 2.104  
:Analysis of variance (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Sum of p-values signification
Source DF Mean squares F Pr > F
squares codes
Model 1.000 808.120 808.120 182.481 <0.0001 ***
Error 21.000 92.999 4.429      
Corrected Total 22.000 901.119        
Computed against model Y=Mean(Y) Signification codes: 0 < *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01 < * < 0.05 < . < 0.1 < ° < 1
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 14
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)
:Model parameters (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Upper
Lower bound p-values
Source Value Standard error t Pr > |t| bound
(95%) signification codes
(95%)
Intercept 4.545 0.573 7.932 <0.0001 3.353 5.736 ***
(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) 638.863 47.293 13.509 <0.0001 540.511 737.215 ***
Signification codes: 0 < *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01 < * < 0.05 < . < 0.1 < ° < 1

:Equation of the model (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):

PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR) = 4.54494345304591+638.863106053582*(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

Correlation matrix:
  (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) 1 0.947
PULL OUT LOAD (F) 0.947 1
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 15
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)

Regression of PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals / (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

(UR) by (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) (R²=0.897)
2.5
45

2
40
1.5
35

Standardized residuals
1
30
0.5
PULL OUT LOAD (F)

25 0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
(UR)

20 -0.5

15 -1

-1.5
10
-2
5
(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
0
-0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
-5 Training set Validation set

(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
Training set Validation set Model

Conf. interval (Mean 95%) Conf. interval (Obs 95%)

 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 16
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)

PULL OUT LOAD (F) Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals / PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals /
(UR) / Standardized residuals (UR)) / Standardized residuals (UR) (Training set) PULL OUT LOAD (F)
(UR) (Validation set)
2.5 2.5 Obs25
Obs24
2 2 Obs23
Obs22

Standardized residuals
Obs21
Standardized residuals

1.5 1.5
Obs20
1 Obs19
1 Obs18
Obs16 Obs17
0.5 0.5

Observations
Obs15

Observations
Obs14
0 0 Obs13
Obs12
-0.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -0.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Obs11
Obs10
-1 -1 Obs9
Obs8
-1.5 -1.5 Obs7

.6

.4

.2

16

6
0.

0.

0.
-0

-0

-0
Obs6

E-
16
-2 -2 Obs5

25
Obs4

46
Obs3

02
PULL OUT LOAD (F) Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F) Obs2

23
02
(UR) (UR))

11
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

1.
Standardized residuals Standardized residuals
Training set Validation set Training set Validation set
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 17
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)

Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(UR)) - PULL OUT LOAD (F)
(UR)

45

40

35

30
PULL OUT LOAD (F)

25
(UR)

20

15

10

0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-5

Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(UR))

Training set Validation set

 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 18
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)
Regression of variable PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR):
Goodness of fit statistics (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Statistics Training set Validation set
Observations 11 1
Sum of weights 11 1
DF 9 -1
R² 0.919  
Adjusted R² 0.910  
MSE 11.976  
RMSE 3.461  
:Analysis of variance (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Sum of p-values signification
Source DF Mean squares F Pr > F
squares codes
Model 1.000 1217.939 1217.939 101.695 <0.0001 ***
Error 9.000 107.788 11.976      
Corrected Total 10.000 1325.727        
Computed against model Y=Mean(Y) Signification codes: 0 < *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01 < * < 0.05 < . < 0.1 < ° < 1
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 19
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)
:Model parameters (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Upper
Lower bound p-values
Source Value Standard error t Pr > |t| bound
(95%) signification codes
(95%)
Intercept 20.185 1.536 13.145 <0.0001 16.711 23.659 ***
(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) 489.556 48.546 10.084 <0.0001 379.737 599.374 ***
Signification codes: 0 < *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01 < * < 0.05 < . < 0.1 < ° < 1

:Equation of the model (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):

PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR) = 20.1849831873613+489.555594492044*(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

Correlation matrix:
  (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) 1 0.958
PULL OUT LOAD (F) 0.958 1
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 20
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)

Regression of PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals / (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

(UR) by (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) (R²=0.919)
2
80

1.5
70

Standardized residuals
60

0.5
PULL OUT LOAD (F)

50

40 0
(UR)

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

30 -0.5

20 -1

10
-1.5

0
(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
-0.02 0.03 0.08

(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) Training set Validation set

Training set Validation set Model

Conf. interval (Mean 95%) Conf. interval (Obs 95%)
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 21
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)

PULL OUT LOAD (F) Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals / PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals /
(UR) / Standardized residuals (UR)) / Standardized residuals (UR) (Training set) PULL OUT LOAD (F)
(UR) (Validation set)
2 2 Obs13

1.5 1.5 Obs12

Standardized residuals

Standardized residuals
Obs10
1 1
Obs9
0.5 0.5 Obs8

Observations

Observations
0 0 Obs7 Obs11
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Obs6
-0.5 -0.5
Obs5
-1 -1 Obs4
-1.5 -1.5 Obs3
Obs2
PULL OUT LOAD (F) Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F)
(UR) (UR))

05

07
01

03
.0

.0
.0

.0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0.

0.

0.

0.
-0
-0

-0

-0
Standardized residuals Standardized residuals
Training set Validation set Training set Validation set
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 22
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)

Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(UR)) - PULL OUT LOAD (F)
(UR)

90

80

70

60
PULL OUT LOAD (F)

50
(UR)

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(UR))

Training set Validation set

 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 23

B. PULLOUT LOAD FORMULATION IN REINFORCED SOFT CLAY UNDER STATIC

LOADING:-
• In this section formulation of pullout load with variation of different important design parameters (i.e.
plate size, inclination angle and embedment ratio) under the effect of static loading in reinforced
condition, have been presented through linear regression with the help of different table and graphs with
concluding observations.
• NOTE:- 1) case code: P = plate size ; E = embedment ratio ; A = Inclination angle wrt. Horizontal.
2) cases of plate size above 50mm square plate is separated due to analysis procedure.
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 24
TABLE 1:- RELATION BETWEEN PULLOUT LOAD UNDER REINFORCED CONDITION
PULL BREAKOUT
PLATE INCLINATION
SL OUT FACTOR(BF)
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
NO LOAD (F)
(m^2) (DEGREE)
(UR) (UR)
1 25P-IE-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 1 6.10 4.79 0.002994
2 25P-2E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 2 9.50 7.42 0.009275
3 25P-3E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 3 9.60 7.61 0.014269
4 25P-IE-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 1 3.50 2.78 0.000579
5 25P-2E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 2 4.00 3.18 0.001325
6 25P-3E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 3 4.30 3.42 0.002138
7 25P-1E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 1 4.40 3.48 0.001088
8 25P-2E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 2 5.20 4.11 0.002569
9 25P-3E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 3 5.80 4.59 0.004303
10 25P-1E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 1 4.70 3.69 0.001538
11 25P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 2 5.80 4.57 0.003808
12 25P-3E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 3 6.20 4.89 0.006113
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 25
TABLE 1:- RELATION BETWEEN PULLOUT LOAD UNDER REINFORCED CONDITION
PULL BREAKOUT
PLATE INCLINATION
SL OUT FACTOR(BF)
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
NO LOAD (F)
(m^2) (DEGREE)
(UR) (UR)
1 50P-1E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 1 12.00 3.56 0.008900
2 50P-2E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 2 24.00 4.71 0.023550
3 50P-3E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 3 29.00 5.67 0.042525
4 50P-1E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 1 6.20 1.19 0.000992
5 50P-2E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 2 7.80 1.47 0.002450
6 50P-3E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 3 10.00 2.39 0.005975
7 50P-1E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 1 7.60 1.67 0.002088
8 50P-2E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 2 10.10 1.93 0.004825
9 50P-3E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 3 12.40 2.95 0.011063
10 50P-1E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 1 7.20 1.86 0.003100
11 50P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 2 12.20 2.34 0.007800
12 50P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 3 17.60 3.38 0.016900
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 26
TABLE 1:- RELATION BETWEEN PULLOUT LOAD UNDER REINFORCED CONDITION
PULL BREAKOUT
PLATE INCLINATION
SL OUT FACTOR(BF)
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
NO LOAD (F)
(m^2) (DEGREE)
(UR) (UR)
1 75P-1E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 1 34.00 2.95 0.016594
2 75P-2E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 2 46.00 3.95 0.044438
3 75P-3E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 3 55.00 4.69 0.079144
4 75P-1E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 1 17.00 1.44 0.002700
5 75P-2E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 2 20.50 1.66 0.006225
6 75P-3E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 3 27.50 2.11 0.011869
7 75P-IE-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 1 19.50 1.68 0.004725
8 75P-2E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 2 27.00 2.26 0.012713
9 75P-3E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 3 32.50 2.5 0.021094
10 75P-IE-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 1 24.50 2.24 0.008400
11 75P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 2 30.00 2.68 0.020100
12 75P-3E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 3 38.00 3.17 0.035663
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 27
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)
Regression of variable PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR):
Goodness of fit statistics (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Statistics Training set Validation set
Observations 20 1
Sum of weights 20 1
DF 18 -1
R² 0.773  
Adjusted R² 0.760  
MSE 21.633  
RMSE 4.651  
:Analysis of variance (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Sum of p-values signification
Source DF Mean squares F Pr > F
squares codes
Model 1.000 1325.907 1325.907 61.291 <0.0001 ***
Error 18.000 389.391 21.633      
Corrected Total 19.000 1715.298        
Computed against model Y=Mean(Y) Signification codes: 0 < *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01 < * < 0.05 < . < 0.1 < ° < 1
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 28
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)
:Model parameters (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Upper
Lower bound p-values
Source Value Standard error t Pr > |t| bound
(95%) signification codes
(95%)
Intercept 8.222 1.411 5.826 <0.0001 5.257 11.187 ***
(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) 678.081 86.613 7.829 <0.0001 496.115 860.048 ***
Signification codes: 0 < *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01 < * < 0.05 < . < 0.1 < ° < 1

:Equation of the model (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (R)):

PULL OUT LOAD (F) (R) = 8.22181667317563+678.0813658892*(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

Correlation matrix:
  (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) 1 0.879
PULL OUT LOAD (F) 0.879 1
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 29
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)

Regression of PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals / (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

(R) by (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) (R²=0.773) 1.5

60
1

50

Standardized residuals
0.5

0
40 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
PULL OUT LOAD (F)

-0.5

30
-1
(R)

20 -1.5

-2
10
(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

0
-0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Training set Validation set

-10

(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

Training set Validation set Model

Conf. interval (Mean 95%) Conf. interval (Obs 95%)
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 30
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)

PULL OUT LOAD (F) Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals / PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals /
(R) / Standardized residuals (R)) / Standardized residuals (R) (Training set) PULL OUT LOAD (F)
1.5 1.5 Obs22 (R) (Validation set)
Obs21
1 1 Obs20
Obs19

Standardized residuals
Standardized residuals

Obs18
0.5 0.5 Obs17
Obs16
0 0 Obs15

Observations
Obs14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Observations
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Obs13
-0.5 -0.5 Obs12 Obs3
Obs11
-1 -1 Obs10
Obs9
-1.5 Obs8
-1.5
Obs7
Obs6
-2 -2 Obs5
Obs4
PULL OUT LOAD (F) Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F) Obs2
(R) (R))
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -0.9 -0.4 0.1 0.6

Standardized residuals Standardized residuals

Training set Validation set Training set Validation set
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 31
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (<=50 MM.)

Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(R)) - PULL OUT LOAD (F)
(R)

70

60

50
PULL OUT LOAD (F)

40
(R)

30

20

10

0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

-10

Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(R))

Training set Validation set

 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 32
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)
Regression of variable PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR):
Goodness of fit statistics (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Statistics Training set Validation set
Observations 11 1
Sum of weights 11 1
DF 9 -1
R² 0.905  
Adjusted R² 0.895  
MSE 19.771  
RMSE 4.446  
:Analysis of variance (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Sum of p-values signification
Source DF Mean squares F Pr > F
squares codes
Model 1.000 1698.202 1698.202 85.896 <0.0001 ***
Error 9.000 177.935 19.771      
Corrected Total 10.000 1876.136        
Computed against model Y=Mean(Y) Signification codes: 0 < *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01 < * < 0.05 < . < 0.1 < ° < 1
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 33
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)
:Model parameters (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (UR)):
Upper
Lower bound p-values
Source Value Standard error t Pr > |t| bound
(95%) signification codes
(95%)
Intercept 26.979 1.956 13.792 <0.0001 22.554 31.405 ***
(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) 455.760 49.176 9.268 <0.0001 344.517 567.003 ***
Signification codes: 0 < *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01 < * < 0.05 < . < 0.1 < ° < 1

:Equation of the model (PULL OUT LOAD (F) (R)):

PULL OUT LOAD (F) (R) = 26.9794032117224+455.76020373981*(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

Correlation matrix:
  (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) 1 0.951
PULL OUT LOAD (F) 0.951 1
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 34
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)

Regression of PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals / (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)

(R) by (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) (R²=0.905)
2
90

1.5
80

70 1

Standardized residuals
60
PULL OUT LOAD (F)

0.5

50
0
(R)

40 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

-0.5
30

20 -1

10
-1.5

0 (A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
-0.02 0.03 0.08

(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF)
Training set Validation set

Training set Validation set Model

Conf. interval (Mean 95%) Conf. interval (Obs 95%)
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 35
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)

PULL OUT LOAD (F) Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals / PULL OUT LOAD (F) Standardized residuals /
(R) / Standardized residuals (R)) / Standardized residuals (R) (Training set) PULL OUT LOAD (F)
(R) (Validation set)
2 2 Obs13

1.5 1.5 Obs11

Standardized residuals

Standardized residuals
Obs10
1 1
Obs9
0.5 0.5
Obs8

Observations

Observations
0 0 Obs7
Obs12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Obs6
-0.5 -0.5
Obs5
-1 -1
Obs4
-1.5 -1.5 Obs3

PULL OUT LOAD (F) Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F) Obs2

(R) (R))
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -0.9 -0.4 0.1 0.6

Standardized residuals Standardized residuals

Training set Validation set Training set Validation set
 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 36
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE PLATE SIZE (>50 MM.)

Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(R)) - PULL OUT LOAD (F)
(R)

120

100

80
PULL OUT LOAD (F)

60
(R)

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Pred(PULL OUT LOAD (F)

(R))

Training set Validation set

 SUMMARY 37

FINAL FORMULATION OF PULLOUT LOAD FOR UNREINFORCED AND

REINFORCED CONDITION UNDER STATIC LOADING:-

• F(UR) = 638*(A)*(H/B)*(θ/90)*(BF) + 4.5 (A <= 0.0025 m^2)

= 698*(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) + 17 (A > 0.0025 m^2)

• F(R) = 678*(A)*(H/B)*(θ/90)*(BF) + 4.22 (A <= 0.0025 m^2)

= 456*(H/B)*(A)*(θ/90)*(BF) + 27 (A > 0.0025 m^2)

 SUMMARY 38
TABLE:- PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE ANCHOR PLATES UNDER STATIC LOADING

PLATE INCLINATION PULL OUT

SL (A)*(θ/90)*(H/ F(UR) = 638*(A)*(H/B)*(θ/90)*(BF) ERORR(
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) LOAD (F)
NO B)*(BF) + 4.5 (A <= 0.0025 m^2) %)
(m^2) (DEGREE) (UR)

1 25P-IE-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 1 6.10 0.002994 6.36 4.12705

2 25P-2E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 2 9.50 0.009275 10.38 8.437499
3 25P-3E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 3 9.60 0.014269 13.57 29.23346
4 25P-IE-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 1 3.50 0.000579 4.82 27.38599
5 25P-2E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 2 4.00 0.001325 5.30 24.47828
6 25P-3E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 3 4.30 0.002138 5.82 26.06047
7 25P-1E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 1 4.40 0.001088 5.14 14.47609
8 25P-2E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 2 5.20 0.002569 6.09 14.62914
9 25P-3E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 3 5.80 0.004303 7.20 19.43431
10 25P-1E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 1 4.70 0.001538 5.43 13.47964
11 25P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 2 5.80 0.003808 6.88 15.73432
12 25P-3E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 3 6.20 0.006113 8.36 25.79322
 SUMMARY 39
TABLE:- PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE ANCHOR PLATES UNDER STATIC LOADING

PLATE INCLINATION PULL OUT F(UR) =

SL (A)*(θ/90)*(H/ ERORR(
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) LOAD (F) 638*(A)*(H/B)*(θ/90)*(BF) + 4.5
NO B)*(BF) %)
(m^2) (DEGREE) (UR) (A <= 0.0025 m^2)

13 50P-1E-90A 0.0025 90 1.00 1 12.00 0.008900 10.14 -18.3916

14 50P-2E-90A 0.0025 90 1.00 2 24.00 0.023550 19.50 -23.1075
15 50P-3E-90A 0.0025 90 1.00 3 29.00 0.042525 31.62 8.278706
16 50P-1E-30A 0.0025 30 0.33 1 6.20 0.000992 5.08 -21.9623
17 50P-2E-30A 0.0025 30 0.33 2 7.80 0.002450 6.02 -29.6713
18 50P-3E-30A 0.0025 30 0.33 3 10.00 0.005975 8.27 -20.9601
19 50P-1E-45A 0.0025 45 0.50 1 7.60 0.002088 5.78 -31.4056
20 50P-2E-45A 0.0025 45 0.50 2 10.10 0.004825 7.53 -34.0856
21 50P-3E-45A 0.0025 45 0.50 3 12.40 0.011063 11.52 -7.66329
22 50P-1E-60A 0.0025 60 0.67 1 7.20 0.003100 6.43 -11.967
23 50P-2E-60A 0.0025 60 0.67 2 12.20 0.007800 9.43 -29.3317
24 50P-2E-60A 0.0025 60 0.67 3 17.60 0.016900 15.25 -15.4346
 SUMMARY 40
TABLE:- PULLOUT LOAD (UNREINFORCED) FOR SQUARE ANCHOR PLATES UNDER STATIC LOADING

PLATE INCLINATION PULL OUT F(UR) =

SL (A)*(θ/90)*(H/ ERORR(
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) LOAD (F) 698*(A)*(θ/90)*(H/B)*(BF) + 17
NO B)*(BF) %)
(m^2) (DEGREE) (UR) (A > 0.0025 m^2)

25 75P-1E-90A 0.005625 90 1.00 1 34.00 0.016594 27.59 -23.2473

26 75P-2E-90A 0.005625 90 1.00 2 46.00 0.044438 45.35 -1.43078
27 75P-3E-90A 0.005625 90 1.00 3 55.00 0.079144 67.49 18.51093
28 75P-1E-30A 0.005625 30 0.33 1 17.00 0.002700 18.72 9.200645
29 75P-2E-30A 0.005625 30 0.33 2 20.50 0.006225 20.97 2.248522
30 75P-3E-30A 0.005625 30 0.33 3 27.50 0.011869 24.57 -11.9148
31 75P-IE-45A 0.005625 45 0.50 1 19.50 0.004725 20.01 2.57088
32 75P-2E-45A 0.005625 45 0.50 2 27.00 0.012713 25.11 -7.52442
33 75P-3E-45A 0.005625 45 0.50 3 32.50 0.021094 30.46 -6.70497
34 75P-IE-60A 0.005625 60 0.67 1 24.50 0.008400 22.36 -9.57458
35 75P-2E-60A 0.005625 60 0.67 2 30.00 0.020100 29.82 -0.5908
36 75P-3E-60A 0.005625 60 0.67 3 38.00 0.035663 39.75 4.408949
 SUMMARY 41
TABLE:- PULLOUT LOAD(REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE ANCHOR PLATES UNDER STATIC LOADING
 
F(UR) =
PLATE INCLINATION PULL OUT 678*(A)*(H/B)*(θ/90)*(BF) +
SL (A)*(θ/90)*(H/ ERORR(
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) LOAD (F) 4.22
NO B)*(BF) %)
(m^2) (DEGREE) (UR) (A <= 0.0025 m^2)  

1 25P-IE-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 1 4.8 0.000796 4.76 -0.84597  

2 25P-2E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 2 5.8 0.001917 5.52 -5.07468  

3 25P-3E-90A 0.000625 90 1.00 3 6.8 0.003356 6.50 -4.67644  

4 25P-IE-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 1 6 0.001494 5.23 -14.6556  

5 25P-2E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 2 7.1 0.003519 6.61 -7.47128  

6 25P-3E-30A 0.000625 30 0.33 3 9.1 0.006759 8.80 -3.35966  

7 25P-1E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 1 6.4 0.002125 5.66 -13.0507  

8 25P-2E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 2 8.3 0.005492 7.94 -4.47547  

9 25P-3E-45A 0.000625 45 0.50 3 9.4 0.009313 10.54 10.77986  

10 25P-1E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 1 20 0.019900 17.72 -12.8912  

11 25P-2E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 2 26 0.025550 21.55 -20.6608  

12 25P-3E-60A 0.000625 60 0.67 3 33 0.048525 37.13 11.12226  

 SUMMARY 42
TABLE:- PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE ANCHOR PLATES UNDER STATIC LOADING
F(R) =
PLATE INCLINATION PULL OUT 678*(A)*(H/B)*(θ/90)*(BF) +
SL (A)*(θ/90)*(H/ ERORR(
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) LOAD (F) 4.22
NO B)*(BF) %)
(m^2) (DEGREE) (UR) (A <= 0.0025 m^2)

13 50P-1E-90A 0.0025 90 1.00 1 7.7 0.002908 6.19 -24.3453

14 50P-2E-90A 0.0025 90 1.00 2 17 0.160517 113.08 84.96671
15 50P-3E-90A 0.0025 90 1.00 3 21 0.017650 16.19 -29.7079
16 50P-1E-30A 0.0025 30 0.33 1 9.6 0.018588 16.83 42.94559
17 50P-2E-30A 0.0025 30 0.33 2 22 0.020775 18.31 -20.1555
18 50P-3E-30A 0.0025 30 0.33 3 28 0.046725 35.91 22.02489
19 50P-1E-45A 0.0025 45 0.50 1 14.6 0.016450 15.38 5.049235
20 50P-2E-45A 0.0025 45 0.50 2 23.5 0.035367 28.21 16.68343
21 50P-3E-45A 0.0025 45 0.50 3 33.5 0.032800 26.46 -26.5825
22 50P-1E-60A 0.0025 60 0.67 1 4.8 0.000796 4.76 -0.84597
23 50P-2E-60A 0.0025 60 0.67 2 5.8 0.001917 5.52 -5.07468
24 50P-2E-60A 0.0025 60 0.67 3 6.8 0.003356 6.50 -4.67644
 SUMMARY 43
TABLE:- PULLOUT LOAD (REINFORCED) FOR SQUARE ANCHOR PLATES UNDER STATIC LOADING
F(R) =
PLATE INCLINATION PULL OUT
SL (A)*(θ/90)*(H/ 456*(H/B)*(A)*(θ/90)*(BF) + 27 ERORR(
Case Code AREA (A) ANGLE θ/90 (H/B) LOAD (F)
NO B)*(BF) %)
(m^2) (DEGREE) (UR)
(A > 0.0025 m^2)
25 75P-1E-90A 0.005625 90 1.00 1 46 0.022613 37.31 -23.287
26 75P-2E-90A 0.005625 90 1.00 2 58 0.056475 52.75 -9.94719
27 75P-3E-90A 0.005625 90 1.00 3 68 0.098550 71.94 5.475209
28 75P-1E-30A 0.005625 30 0.33 1 22.5 0.003619 28.65 21.46638
29 75P-2E-30A 0.005625 30 0.33 2 31 0.009825 31.48 1.525403
30 75P-3E-30A 0.005625 30 0.33 3 33.5 0.015581 34.11 1.774077
31 75P-IE-45A 0.005625 45 0.50 1 27 0.006553 29.99 9.964661
32 75P-2E-45A 0.005625 45 0.50 2 35 0.016763 34.64 -1.02847
33 75P-3E-45A 0.005625 45 0.50 3 43 0.030544 40.93 -5.06268
34 75P-IE-60A 0.005625 60 0.67 1 32 0.010425 31.75 -0.77534
35 75P-2E-60A 0.005625 60 0.67 2 43 0.027675 39.62 -8.53159
36 75P-3E-60A 0.005625 60 0.67 3 46 0.047700 48.75 5.643348
 CONCLUDING REMARKS 44

• The following concluding remarks may be drawn from the present study:-

1) The prediction of pullout load for unreinforced cases and reinforced cases of square plate anchors
when the other parameters are varying can be predicted with sufficient accuracy.
2) The formulation is valid for inclined square plate anchors and for vertical square plate anchors a
extra factor has to be considered which is left for future study as more intermediate data is
necessary.
 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 45

• The further research in this area may be carried out in the

following directions:

1. The relation is valid for square footing under static loading

which can be extended to strip and rectangular footing.

2. A relation can be also be drawn for square footing under

cyclic loading which can be further extended to strip and
rectangular footing for cases such as unreinforced and
reinforced pullout load and breakout factor.
 REFERENCES 46
• Vesic A. S. (1971) “Breakout resistance of objects embedded in ocean bottom.” Journal of the Soil
Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 97(9), 1183-1205.
• Wang, M.C., and Wu AH (1980). “Yielding load of anchor in sand”. In: Proceedings of the ASCE,
application of plasticity and generalized stress-strain in geotechnical engineering, Hollywood, Florida, pp
291–307

• Bhattacharya, P., Debjit, B., Mukherjee, S.P., Chattopadhyay, B.C., (2008). “Pullout Behaviour of Square
Anchors in Reinforced Clay’’, The 12th International Conference of International Association for
Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics
(IACMAG), Goa, India, pp.3441-3447.
• Das, B. M., Puri, V. K. (1989).“ Holding capacity of Inclined Square plate anchors in Clay,Soils and
Foundations”, Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,Volume 29, No.3, pp.138-
144.
 Majumder, A., Roy, R., Banerjee. S., Mukherjee, S., Biswas, S., (2019) “Pullout behaviour of plate
anchors in geotextile reinforced soft clay”.
 Susovan Tunga (2020), “PULLOUT BEHAVIOR OF INCLINED SQUARE PLATE ANCHORS IN
GEOTEXTILE REINFORCED SOFT CLAY”
47