Chapter 2

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS (MDG) and
EDUCATION FOR ALL (EFA)
PROGRAMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Prepared By: Angelo Mabula

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS (MDG)
Introduction

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are part of

the Millennium Declaration by 189 countries, including 147
Heads of State, in September 2000. The goals and targets are
inter-related and should be viewed as a whole. Built on the
outcomes of the international conferences of the 1990s, the
Millennium Declaration marked a strong commitment to the
right to development, to the eradication of the many dimensions
of poverty, and to gender equality and the empowerment of
women. The Declaration mainstreams into the global
development agenda eight mutually reinforcing goals, to be
achieved by 2015, that are driving national development and
international cooperation.
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS (MDG)
Goal #1. Eradicate extreme poverty and
hunger

Target 1. Halve, between 1990 and 2015,

the proportion of people whose income is
less than one dollar a day
Target 2. Halve, between 1990 and 2015,
the proportion of people who suffer from
Hunger
Proportion of Poor
Filipinos Registered at
23.7 Percent in the First
Semester of 2021
4Ps – PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAMS

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a human development measure of the national government that
provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition, and the education of children
aged 0-18. It is patterned after the conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes in Latin American and African countries,
which have lifted millions of people around the world from poverty.
The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) is the lead government agency of the 4Ps.

4Ps has dual objectives:

Social Assistance – to provide cash assistance to the poor, to alleviate their needs (short term poverty alleviation)
Social Development – to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty through investments in human capital (nutrition,
health and education
4Ps is patterned after the successful Conditional CashTransfer (CCT) Programs in Latin America and Africa.

Do legislators, local chief executives or barangay officials

participate in the selection of beneficiaries?
NO. However, concerned LGUs assist DSWD staff in the conduct
of community assemblies which hare part of the program process and procedures.

What does 4Ps offer?

4Ps provides conditional grants to the beneficiaries such as:
P6000 a year or P500 per month per household for health and nutrition expenses, and
P3000 for one school year or 10 months or 300 / month per child for educational expenses. A maximum of three children
per household is allowed.
A household with three qualified children can have a subsidy of P1,400 per month or P15,000 annually as long as they
comply with the conditions. To avail cash grants, beneficiaries should comply with the following conditions:

How long will the beneficiaries receive the cash grants?

Each household beneficiary will receive the cash grants for at most five years.

After 5 years, what will happen to beneficiaries?

They will be introduced to nearest TESDA for free training and livelihood program.
TUPAD or Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers is a community-based package of
assistance that provides emergency employment for displaced workers, underemployed and seasonal workers, for a
minimum period of 10 days, but not to exceed a maximum of 30 days, depending on the nature of work to be performed.

Only the following types of projects can be supported with such assistance:
Social community projects, such as repair, maintenance, and/or improvement of common public facilities and
infrastructure such as schools and health centers, debris clearing, de-clogging of canals, debris segregation and materials
recovery, stockpiling and clearing
Economic community projects like repair, maintenance and/or rehabilitation of farm-to-market roads, bridges, post-
harvest facilities, public markets and common service facilities such as production and display centers, fishports
Agro-forestry community projects, such as tree planting, seedling preparation, and reforestation

Prior to one’s actual engagement in employment, the beneficiary will be provided with the following:
basic orientation on safety and health;
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the form of T-shirt and hat
enrolment in group micro-insurance, to be included in the total project cost or as counterpart of the ACP/LGU; and
TUPAD ID.
Also, the beneficiary should signify his/her intention to avail of skills training to prepare towards self or wage
employment after the project.

The payment of wages of the TUPAD beneficiaries are coursed through a money remittance service provider to ensure
standard application across all regions in terms of mechanics and service fee costs. In cases where an Accredited Co-
Partner Is involved in the implementation, the ACP (including LGUs) shall facilitate the payment of wages of the TUPAD
beneficiaries using a prescribed payroll, with representative/s from DOLE RO/PO/FO as witness/es.

With the conclusion of the employment project, the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) or
its accredited training institutions will be tapped to conduct the skills training for the TUPAD beneficiaries under its
Training for Work Scholarship Program (TWSP).
Liquidation by the ACP of the fund assistance released and submission of necessary reports and supporting documents
must be undertaken within 60 days upon completion of the project.
Goal #2. Achieve universal primary
education

Target 3. Ensure that, by 2015, children

everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be
able to complete a full course of primary
schooling.
Goal #2. Achieve universal primary education

DepEd: Only 1.1 million learners did not

enroll this year

DepEd Undersecretary Jesus Mateo, in an interview over

DZRH, said that based on the latest enrollment data for
School Year (SY) 2020-2021, there are already 26.6
million enrollees for both private and public schools.

“Based on our actual number, our data shows there are

only about 1.1 Million learners who did not enroll this
school year,” he said in a mix of English and Filipino.

Based on the data provided by Mateo, the total

enrollment at the basic education level for this
school year – as of Jan. 15, 2021 – is 26, 657,
411. This, he explained, is already “95.92
percent” of the enrollment in SY 2019-2020 at
27.7 million.
Goal #3. Promote gender equality and
empower women

Target 4. Eliminate gender disparity in

primary and secondary education,
preferably by 2005, and to all levels of
education no later than 2015
Goal #3. Promote gender equality and
empower women
Goal #4. Reduce child mortality

Target 5. Reduce by two thirds, between

1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality
rate
Globally, infectious diseases, including pneumonia, diarrhoea
and malaria, along with pre-term birth, birth asphyxia and
trauma, and congenital anomalies remain the leading causes
of death for children under five.  Access to basic lifesaving
interventions such as skilled delivery at birth, postnatal care,
breastfeeding and adequate nutrition, vaccinations, and
treatment for common childhood diseases can save many
young lives. Malnourished children, particularly those with
severe acute malnutrition, have a higher risk of death from
common childhood illness such as diarrhoea, pneumonia, and
malaria. Nutrition-related factors contribute to about 45% of
deaths in children under-5 years of age.

Source: WHO
Goal #5. Improve maternal health

Target 6. Reduce by three quarters, between

1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality
ratio
Giving birth at a facility with a skilled attendant greatly increases the chances of survival for both mother and baby.
The Philippine Government has been seeking ways for low-income families to access this critical health care,
including by subsidizing the cost of joining PhilHealth — the national health insurance program.
USAID helped build the foundation for PhilHealth in the 1990s.

Families insured by PhilHealth can receive affordable treatment at any accredited hospital or health clinic, which
are reimbursed by the insurance program.
Goal #6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseases

Target 7. Have halted by 2015 and begun to

reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Target 8. Have halted by 2015 and begun to
reverse the incidence of malaria and other
major diseases
A UNAIDS Report on the global HIV epidemic states that the number of new
infections in the Philippines has more than doubled in the past six (6) years
from an estimated 4,300 in 2010 to an estimated 10,500 in 2016. The
Philippines has become the country with the fastest growing HIV epidemic in
Asia and the Pacific, and has become one of eight countries that account for
more than 85% of new HIV infections in the region.

In 2015, only 35% of 15 to 24 year-old MSM and TGW had correct knowledge
on HIV transmission and prevention. This is indicative of the need to step up
HIV information efforts in eliciting behavioral change among people at risk of
infection. The Department of Health is providing antiretroviral (ARV) medicine
for free to anyone who tests positive for HIV, as well as other out-patient
services to a maximum of PHP 30,000 ($US 600) a year per person. Between
2013 and 2015, the government increased funding for the HIV program, and
now shoulders 70% of all financing for its response.

HIV/AIDS infection in the Philippines might be low but growing fast. The
Philippines has one of the lowest rates of infection, yet has one of the fastest
growing number of cases worldwide.[1] The Philippines is one of seven
countries with growth in number of cases of over 25%, from 2001 to 2009.[1]
Cases are concentrated among men who have sex with men. HIV cases among men
having sex with men multiplied over 10 times since 2010.[3] On December 20,
2018, Republic Act No. 11166,[5] also known as the Philippine HIV and AIDS
Policy Act of 2018, was passed.

Source: doh.gov.ph ; wiki

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that
commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans.
People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills,
and flu-like illness.

Malaria in the Philippines is endemic in 58 of the 80 provinces and nearly

12 million people,or13% of the population, are at high risk; the other 22
provinces are free of malaria.
Most malaria cases in the country occur in forested, swampy, hilly and
mountainous regions. The majority (72%) of the cases are due to P.
falciparum and 26% to P. vivax, while 1.3% are due to other unspecified
species, and 0.7% are mixed infections.
With 100% confirmation rate, malaria cases have declined from an annual
average of 41 665 during 2000–2005 to only 19 150 in 2009 (52% decline).
Malaria admissions fell sharply from 2 242 to 757 cases during same period
(66% decline), and
malaria deaths also fell from 73 in 2007 to 24 deaths in 2009.

Source: cdc.gov
Source: https://doh.gov.ph/malaria-control-program
Goal #7. Ensure environmental sustainability

Target 9. Integrate the principles of sustainable

development into country policies and programmes
and reverse the loss of environmental resources

Target 10. Halve by 2015 the proportion of people

without sustainable access to safe drinking water

Target 11. By 2020 to have achieved a significant

improvement in the lives of at least 100 million
slum dwellers
WHO-Unicef report: Nearly half of Filipinos get safe
drinking water

The 2020 report by World Health Organization (WHO)

and Unicef Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) listed global
progress on household drinking water, sanitation and
hygiene.
This was in line with the 2015 pledge made by countries
to work toward universal access to safe drinking water,
sanitation and basic hand washing facilities by 2030,
targets under the sixth Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG) set by the UN General Assembly (UNGA).

“Clean water is a basic human need, and one that should

be easily accessible to all. There is sufficient fresh water
on the planet to achieve this,” UNGA explained.

“However, due to poor infrastructure, investment and

planning, every year millions of people—most of them
children—die from diseases associated with inadequate
water supply, sanitation and hygiene,” it said.
According to the Department of Health (DOH), most
cases of food poisoning and water-borne in the
Philippines were often caused by unsafe sources of
drinking water and improper disposal of human waste.

Source: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/
Goal #8. Develop a global partnership for
development

Target 12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-

discriminatory trading and financial
System

Target 13 : Address the special needs of the least developed countries.

Target 14 : Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small

island developing states (through the programme of action for the
sustainable development of small island developing states and the
outcome of the twenty – second special session of the General
Assembly)
Goal #8. Develop a global partnership for development

Target 15. Deal comprehensively with the debt problems

of developing countries through national and
international measures in order to make debt sustainable
in the long term
Target 16. In cooperation with developing countries,
develop and implement strategies for decent and
productive work for youth
Target 18. In cooperation with the private sector, make
available the benefits of new technologies, especially
information and communications

Goal #8. Develop a global
partnership for development
The government has secured a fresh flow of funds for the
P488.5-billion Metro Manila subway project, the
Philippines’ first underground railway, as the Department
of Finance (DOF) signed with the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (Jica) a P112.9-billion loan.
The government of Japan through Jica is providing
funding for 76 percent of the project cost—approved by
the National Economic and Development Authority’s
board last September—through a P370.8-billion loan
package.
The Philippine government will shoulder the remaining
24 percent of the cost, at P117.7 billion.
This second-tranche loan is payable in 27 years with a
grace period of 13 years, for a total maturity period of 40
years.
Tokyo and Manila signed in March 2018 the agreement
for the first batch of funds, about P47.58 billion that will
also mature in 40 years.
The subway project involves a 33.1-kilometer
electromechanical system that will power a 27.5-
kilometer railway line with a depot in Valenzuela that
connects to Bicutan in Taguig City and Ninoy Aquino
International Airport (Naia) Terminal 3 in Pasay City.
Source:
https://business.inquirer.net/340730/jica-extends-p112-9-
b-loan-for-ph-subway-project
Goal #8. Develop a global partnership for development

Itemized list of PH projects covered by China’s $15-B investment pledges to Duterte

The $24-billion investment and credit line pledges that the Philippine government secured from China earlier this week
were a display of “greater confidence” in the future economic relationship of the two countries, according to Trade
Secretary Ramon Lopez.
In a text message to reporters, Lopez said that the renewed friendships in this part of the world have opened huge
opportunities for Philippines’ trade and investment in China and Asean market of over 1.9 billion people.
The deals secured during President Duterte’s state visit to China are expected to boost the trade and investment levels
between the two countries, he added.

Lopez disclosed that the $15 billion worth of investment projects signed were as follows:

1 Subic-Clark railway project by Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) and China Harbour
Engineering Co.
2 Bonifacio Global City-Ninoy Aquino International Airport Segment of Metro Manila Bus Rapid Transit-EDSA project
by BCDA and China Road and Bridge Corp.
3 BCDA-China Fortune Land Real Estate project (memorandum of understanding);
4 Safe and smart city projects for BCDA by BCDA and Huawei Technologies
5 Transportation and logistics infrastructure at Sangley Point by Cavitex Holdings, International Container Terminal
6 Services Inc. and China Harbour Engineering
7 Joint venture agreement of Jimei Group of China and Expedition Construction Corp. for infrastructure projects
8 North Negros biomass and South Negros biomass project by North Negros Biopower and Wuxi Huaguang Electric
Power Engineering
Goal #8. Develop a global partnership for development
Goal #8. Develop a global partnership for development
 17 Sustainable Development Goals
by United Nations (and Phils.)
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good health and well-being
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
10. Reduced inequalities
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water 15. Life on land
16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions
17. Partnership for the goals
QUALITY EDUCATION : WHY IT MATTERS?

 Education enables upward socioeconomic

mobility and is a key to escaping poverty.
Education helps reduce inequalities and reach
gender equality and is crucial to fostering
tolerance and more peaceful societies.
As the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the
globe, countries announced the temporary closure
of schools, impacting more than 91 per cent of
students worldwide.
By April 2020, close to 1.6 billion children and
youth were out of school.
Goal 4 – Quality Education
By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of
scholarships available to developing countries, in
particular least developed countries, small island
developing States and African countries, for enrolment
in higher education, including vocational training and
information and communications technology, technical,
engineering and scientific programmes, in developed
countries and other developing countries.
By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified
teachers, including through international cooperation for
teacher training in developing countries, especially least
developed countries and small island developing states
Goal 4 – Quality Education
By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and
quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4
effective learning outcomes
By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early
childhood development, care and preprimary education so that they are
ready for primary education
By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and
quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who
have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for
employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal
access to all levels of education and vocational training for the
vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and
children in vulnerable situations
Goal 4 – Quality Education
By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion
of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and
numeracy
By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and
skills needed to promote sustainable development,
including, among others, through education for sustainable
development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender
equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence,
global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and
of culture’s contribution to sustainable development Build
and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and
gender sensitive and provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive and
effective learning environments for all
 EDUCATION FOR ALL (EFA)
PROGRAMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
What is Education for All?

Philippine Education for All (EFA) 2015 is a vision and holistic

program of reforms that aim to improve access and quality of basic
education for every Filipino by 2015.

Providing education to all Filipinos opened alternative learning

system to complement formal schooling to reach and better serve
those in difficult circumstances.

This entails not only the Department of Education but the

involvement of the entire society, including national and local
government agencies and civil society organizations as providers
of  basic learning needs.
EFA 2015 Objectives

To provide basic competencies to everyone to achieve

functional literacy for all, Philippine EFA 2015 aims
to make:

1. All youth and adults functionally literate

2. Children 3-5 year-olds ready to participate in
schools to eliminate dropout and repetition in Grades
1 to 3
3. All pupils and students complete basic education
with satisfactory achievement level
4. Education be made a societal responsibility.
Critical and Urgent EFA Tasks

To attain the above goals, nine urgent and critical tasks were formulated as
follows:

1. Make every school continuously perform better

2. Expand Early Childhood Care and Development
3. Transform nonformal and informal interventions into an alternative
learning system yielding more EFA benefits
4. Promote practice of high quality teaching
5. Adopt a 12-year program for formal basic education
6. Enrich education curriculum in the context of articulation, enrich the
pillars of new functional literacy
7. Provide adequate and stable public funding for countrywide attainment of
EFA goals
8. Create a network of community-based groups for attainment of local EFA
goals
9. Monitor progress in efforts towards attainment of EFA goals.
The Department of Education (DepEd),
the country’s biggest bureaucracy, is given the
highest budget allocation among government
agencies.

The 1987 Constitution likewise guarantees the right

to education of every Filipino. It provided that,
“The State shall protect and promote the right of
all citizens to quality education at all levels and
shall take appropriate steps to make education
accessible to all.”
Significant Laws

Republic Act 9155 - Governance of Basic Education Act of

2001.
Republic Act 6655 - Free Secondary Education Act 1988
Republic Act 10533 – Enhanced Basic Education Act 2013
Republic Act 10931 - Universal Access to Quality Tertiary
Education Act 2017

These laws promote the rights of all Filipinos by providing

children free and quality education in the kindergarten,
elementary ,high school,
and college level.
EFA 2015 Goals
Goal 1: Expand and improve comprehensive early
childhood care and education, especially for the most
vulnerable and disadvantaged children;

Goal 2: Ensure that by 2015, all children, particularly

girls, children in difficult circumstances and those
belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to complete
free and compulsory primary education of good quality;

Goal 3: Ensure that the learning needs of all young people

and adults are met through equitable access to
appropriate learning and life skills programs;
 EFA 2015 Goals
Goal 4: Achieve a 50 percent improvement in levels of adult
literacy by 2105, especially for women and equitable access to
basic and continuing education for all adults;

Goal 5: Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary

education by 2015, with focus on ensuring girls full and equal
access to and achievement in basic education of good quality;
and

Goal 6: Improve every aspect of the quality of education, and

ensure their excellence so that recognized and measurable
learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy,
numeracy and essential life skills.
EFA Implementation
Early Childhood Education
The increasing gross enrolment rate in early
childhood education programs by both public and
private schools in recent years can be attributed to the
implementation of the Early Childhood Care and
Development Act or Republic Act No. 8980. Signed on
December 5, 2000, the law is considered a landmark in
the country’s education history as it provides the
national policy that institutionalizes an integrated and
comprehensive system of early childhood care and
development. It also serves as the blueprint for the
country’s entire program for children 0 to 6 years old.
EFA Implementation
Formal Basic Education

To increase access to quality, relevant

and efficient formal primary education,
the country has introduced and
implemented innovations and reforms in
the curriculum, testing and assessment,
teacher development, school improvement
and alternative delivery modes
EFA Implementation
Alternative Learning Systems

The Medium Term Philippine Development Plan

2001-2004 guided the implementation of alternative
learning systems in the country to allow flexible entry of
learners in both formal and non-formal/informal streams
of basic education and ensure their upward social
mobility.

More importantly, it is expected to demonstrate the social

and economic viability of non-school-based learning
channels.
 EFA Implementation
Alternative Learning Systems

In 2004, DepEd’s Bureau of Non-formal Education

(BNFE) was renamed as Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (BALS) by virtue of Executive Order No. 356.
This is to respond to the need of a more systematic and
flexible approach in reaching all types of learners outside
the formal school system.
As such, it carries a redefined mandate which
strengthens the bureau’s function to ensure that all
learning needs of marginalized learners are addressed for
them to function effectively as citizens.
EFA Implementation
Lifelong Learning

Lifelong learning is a learning progression

beginning at birth and ending only with death
which encompasses both the formal and
alternative learning systems. Together with
the UNESCO advocated concept of life skills,
the Philippine notion of functional literacy
now approximates the idea of “real life
literacy.”
 THE END
Sources:

https://amp.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/apr/23/millennium-development-goal-education-
explainer
https://www.nast.ph/images/pdf%20files/Publications/Bulletins/NB%202%20MDG%
20Updates.pdf
https://www.indexmundi.com/philippines/millennium-development-goals.html
https://sdg.neda.gov.ph/goal-4/
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/education/
https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/education.shtml
https://lcc.deped.gov.ph/students/what-is-education-for-all-2/
https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ressources/philippines_efa_mda.pdf