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LET’S
WATCH THE
VIDEO
DETERMINING TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
 OBJECTIVES
1.Define textual evidence
2. Initiates idea about textual evidence
3. Write an essay citing textual
evidence.
Textual evidence 
deals with facts in writing and
the strategies used to figure
out whether or not the
information is factual. 
 Evidence
is defined as the details given by the
author to support his/her claim.
often presented in the form of data from
research studies or quotes from literary works.
It can be used to support your argument or to
illustrate a point you are making. 
 Types of evidence
Analogical: An analogy or comparison that
supports your argument.

Example: “Like the human body, a car needs

regular maintenance to function properly.”
This type is considered to be one of the weakest,
as it is often based on opinion rather than fact. 
Anecdotal: A personal experience or story,
your own research, or example that
illustrates your point.

Example: “I know a woman who was fired

from her job after she became pregnant.”
Anecdotal evidence is used to support a point
or argument, but it should be used sparingly,
as it is often considered to be less reliable
than other types of evidence.
Hypothetical: A hypothetical situation or thought
experiment that supports your argument.

Example: “If we do not take action to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions, the Earth’s average temperature will
continue to rise.”

This type of evidence can be useful in persuading readers

 to see your point of view. It is important to make sure
that the hypothetical situation is realistic, as otherwise, it
will undermine your argument.
Logical: A reasoning or argument that uses logic
to support your claim.

Example: “The death penalty is a deterrent to

crime because it removes the possibility of
rehabilitation.”

This type is based on the idea that if something is

true, then it must be the case that something else
is also true.
Statistical: Datafrom research studies or
surveys that support your argument.

Example: “According to a study by the

American Medical Association, gun violence is
the third leading cause of death in the United
States.”

This type of evidence is often considered to be

the most persuasive, as it is based on factual
data.
Testimonial: A quote from an expert or someone with
first-hand experience that supports your argument.

Example: According to Dr. John Smith, a leading

expert on the health effects of smoking, “Smoking is a
major contributor to heart disease and lung cancer.”

This type of evidence can be very persuasive, as it

uses the authority of an expert to support your
argument. 
Textual: A quotefrom a literary work or historical
document that supports your argument.

Example: “In the book ‘To Kill a Mockingbird,’

Atticus Finch says, ‘You never really understand a
person until you consider things from his point of
view.’”

Thistype of evidence can be used to support your

argument, but it is important to make sure that the
quote is relevant and that it is interpreted correctly.
Visual: A graph, chart, or image
that supports your argument.

This evidence type might not be

the most common in essays, but it
can be very effective in persuading
the reader to see your point of view.
Types of evidence
sources
 Two major types of sources:

1.Primary sources: These are first-hand accounts or data

that has been collected by the author.
Examples: research studies, surveys, and interviews

2. Secondary sources: These are second-hand accounts

or data that has been collected by someone other than the
author.
Examples: books, articles, and websites
 How to use evidence in essays

 1. Present your argument first

 2. Introduce your evidence
 3. Present evidence
 4. Comment on your evidence
 5. Repeat for additional evidence
 6. Link back to your key points
 7. Wrap it up in a conclusion
Example of a full body paragraph with all the steps
applied:
One way social media has had a negative impact on
young people is by causing them to compare
themselves to others. According to Dr. Smith,
“Teenagers spend a lot of time on social media
platforms observing the lives of others and comparing
themselves to what they see, which can lead to
depression and damaged self-esteem” (qtd. in Jones).
By constantly comparing themselves to
others, young people are more likely to
develop a negative view of themselves.
This can lead to mental health problems
such as depression and low self-esteem.
But this is not the only way social media
can negatively affect young people’s
mental health.
 ACTIVITY
Directions: Write an essay explaining
your position on the issues of lowering
the criminal age of responsibility in the
Philippines as a response to the
skyrocketing numbers of juveniles
committing serious crimes. Cite your
supported evidences.