DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

2. Introduction
2.1 Belt drive system
2.2 Velocity ratio, belt tension

2.3 Belt reaction on pulleys

2. POWER TRANSFER
2.4 Belting angle and length

2.5 The effect of centrifugal force

2.6 Power transmitted. V-belt and flat belt

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCE

Normal and Tangent Force only Tangent, Centripetal and Centrifugal Force

𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡

• According to Newton’s Third Law, all forces have reactions of the same
magnitude but act in the opposite direction.
• Since a rotating body experiences centripetal force, its reaction acts in the
opposite direction.
• This reaction is known as centrifugal force and its direction is outwards
from the axis of rotation.
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CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL FORCE

• Centripetal force is the force that acts by pulling a rotating mass
towards the axis of rotation. Consider a mass m moving around a
circle of radius r at angular velocity . Its normal acceleration
directed towards the center of the circle is:
2
an   r
• Therefore, the centripetal force that acts on the body is:

Fn  man  m 2 r

• The magnitude of centripetal and centrifugal force is same but

opposite direction.

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

CLASSIFICATION OF POWER DRIVE

Gear Drive

Cam Drive

Chain Drive

Belt Drive Rope Drive

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

• Consists of two or more pulleys (sheaves) connected with
belts
• The pulleys are mounted on shafts that are supported by
bearings
• Purpose: to transmit power and motion between shafts

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

Advantages:
• Up to 95% efficient
• Designed to slip when an overload occurs
• Resist abrasion (friction)
• Require no lubrication (no metal to metal contact)
• Smooth running
• Quiet
• Can transmit motion and power over long distances
• Operate effectively at high speeds
• Flexible shaft center distances
• Inexpensive (when compared to other drive systems such as chain or
gear drives)
• Easy to assemble and install
• Have flexible tolerances
• Absorb shock well
• Easy and inexpensive to maintain

DAM 31703 Mechanics of Machines

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

BELT DRIVE ARRANGEMENT

• Machines operated by belt drives must have an idler, an
adjustable base, or both
• Idler is used to help maintain constant tension on the belt

Types of Drive Arrangement

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

BELT TYPES

1 Flat Belt

2 V Belt

3 Synchronous Belt
(timing belt)

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

FLAT BELT

Uses/advantages : Disadvantages :
• where high-speed applications • tend to slip under load
(up to 140,000 rpm) are more • lower efficiency at moderate
important than power speeds
transmission • must be kept under tension to
• long center distances are function (require tensioning
necessary devices); causes high bearing
• where drives with non-parallel loads
shafts are required (belt can be • require friction for proper
twisted) functioning
• applications requiring small • stretch over time
pulley diameters (as small as
3/8")

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

V BELT

Uses/advantages : Disadvantages :
• useful in automotive, household, • improper belt tension can reduce
industrial, and agricultural service life
applications
• belt life at increased
• easy to install and replace
temperatures (above 82oC) is
• low maintenance significantly shorted
• provide shock absorption • require friction for proper
between driver and driven shafts
functioning
• useful with temperature range of
1oC to 82oC
• are 90-98% efficient
• maximum satisfactory speed
ratio is approximately 6:1

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

SYNCHRONOUS BELT

Uses/advantages : Disadvantages :
• useful in operations requiring • shorter center distance required
high efficiency, timing or than flat belts
constant velocity • used on parallel shafts only
• no slippage • cost
• will not stretch
• required belt tension is very low
• speed is transmitted uniformly

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

VELOCITY RATIO

Scope 1
1. No slipping of belt with pulley
2. Belt is inelastic
𝑣 𝑇 =𝑣 𝑇 =𝑣
1 2

𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 2 𝑁2 𝑑1 𝑑 1+𝑡 If the thickness

𝑛2 /1= = ¿ ¿ ¿
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 1 𝑁1 𝑑2 𝑑 2+𝑡 of belt is
considered into
𝜔=2 𝜋 𝑁 calculation
𝑣 2𝑣
Used by PPD UTHM 𝜔= = Abbreviation
𝑟 𝑑
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 Angular velocity
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 Speed ( rpm )
Diameter of the gear
Belt thickness
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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

VELOCITY RATIO

Scope 2
1. Slipping of belt to pulley
2. Belt is inelastic
𝑣𝑇 ≠ 𝑣𝑇
1 2

( )
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 2 𝑁2 𝑑1 𝐺 ( 𝑑 1+𝑡 )
𝑛2 /1= =
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜔 1
¿
𝑁1
¿
𝑑2
1−
100
¿
( 𝑑 2+𝑡 ) (
1−
𝐺
100 )
Note
• Normally belt slip is expressed as a percentage and If the thickness
denoted by G of belt is
• G1 = Percentage of slip between belt and driver sheave considered into
• G2 = Percentage of slip between belt and driven sheave calculation
• G = Total percentage slip = G1 + G2
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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

EFFECT OF SLIP ON VELOCITY RATIO

• Although belt-drive depends on friction for power transmission, there
are factors that contribute to the inefficiency of the drive. This
inefficiency is known as belt slip where frictional force is not strong
enough to hold the belt in its place, causing the sheaves to rotate
without affecting the belt.

• When there is insufficient friction between a belt and the pulley, the
belt cannot take up more loads; it results in the belt slipping over the
pulley, the phenomenon is called belt slip. Belt slip results in loss of
motion and power.

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

BELTING ANGLE AND LENGTH

Open Belt Drive
in radian
❶ Angle of contact,

Half circle
|
sin 𝛼 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛=
𝑟 1 −𝑟 2
𝑋 |
𝜃=¿ 𝜋 −2 𝛼
𝜃 𝛼𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 =sin − 1 | 𝑟1 −𝑟 2
𝑋 |

❷ Length of Belt
( 𝑟 1 − 𝑟 2 )2
𝐿 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛= 𝜋 ( 𝑟 1+𝑟 2 )+ 2 𝑋 +
𝑋
2
𝜋 ( 𝑑1 − 𝑑 2)
¿
2
( 1
𝑑 + 𝑑2) +2 𝑋 +
4𝑋

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

BELTING ANGLE AND LENGTH

Cross Belt Drive
in radian
❶ Angle of contact,

Half circle
|
sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 =
𝑟 1 +𝑟 2
𝑋 |
𝜃 𝜃=¿ 𝜋 +2 𝛼
𝛼𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 =sin
−1
| 𝑟 1 +𝑟 2
𝑋 |

❷ Length of Belt
( 𝑟 1+𝑟 2 )2
𝐿 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝜋 ( 𝑟 1+𝑟 2 )+ 2 𝑋 +
𝑋
2
𝜋 ( 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 )
¿
2
( 1
𝑑 + 𝑑2) +2 𝑋 +
4𝑋

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

TENSION RATIO IN A BELT DRIVE

Flat Belt Drive

𝑇1 𝜇𝜃
=𝑒
𝑇2

Abbreviation
Tension on the tight side of the belt
Tension on the slack side of the belt
Angle of contact, in radian
Coefficient of friction between pulley and belt

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

TENSION RATIO IN A BELT DRIVE

V Belt Drive

𝑇1 ( sin𝜇𝜃𝛽 )
=𝑒
𝑇2
( 𝜇𝜃 ) ( csc 𝛽 )
¿𝑒

Abbreviation
Tension on the tight side of the belt
Tension on the slack side of the belt
Angle of contact, in radian
Coefficient of friction between pulley and belt
Groove angle of V Belt
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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

TENSION RATIO IN A BELT DRIVE

W
Power = Work done / time

Power,

Driver torque
(
¿ 𝑇1 1 −
𝑇2
𝑇1)𝑣

Driven torque
Driven torque
(
𝑃 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 =𝑇 1 1 −
𝑒
1
𝜇𝜃
𝑣
)
( )
1
𝑃 𝑉 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒=𝑇 1 1− 𝑣
Note 𝜇𝜃
sin 𝛽
𝑒
1. Driver produces and
2. Driven receive from driver, so force applied to driven is

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION

Since the belt has mass and as the belt rotates, there is a tendency for the
belt to be ‘thrown out’ of the belt causing the tension in the belt to increase
and the centrifugal force, Fc will exist. Abbreviation
Centrifugal tension
𝑇 𝑐 ¿ 𝑚 𝑣 ¿ 𝜌 𝐴𝑣
2 2
Mass of belt per unit length
Tangential velocity
FC Density
Cross sectional area

Rewrite the equation without with

𝑇1 𝑇1− 𝑇 𝑐
FLAT BELT =𝑒
𝜇𝜃
=𝑒 𝜇𝜃
𝑇2 𝑇 2 −𝑇 𝑐

𝑇1 ( sin𝜇𝜃𝛽 ) 𝑇1− 𝑇 𝑐 ( sin𝜇𝜃𝛽 )

V-BELT 𝑇2
=𝑒
𝑇2 −𝑇 𝑐
=𝑒

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION

As a conclusion, when the mass of the belt is considered, the centrifugal
force would exist and the effective driving tensions:

T1  Tc & T2  Tc

And the power transmitted by a belt drive :

Rewrite the equation without with

FLAT BELT (
𝑃=𝑇 1 1−
𝑒
1
𝜇𝜃
𝑣
) (
𝑃=(𝑇 1 −𝑇 𝑐 ) 1 −
𝑒
1
𝜇𝜃
𝑣
)

( ) ( )
1 1
𝑃 =𝑇 1 1− 𝑣 𝑃=(𝑇 ¿ ¿1 −𝑇 2 ) 1 − 𝑣¿
V-BELT ( 𝜇𝜃
sin 𝛽 ) ( 𝜇𝜃
sin 𝛽 )
𝑒 𝑒

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL TENSION

For the maximum power transmitted by a belt drive, centrifugal
tension is:
1 2 1
𝑇 𝑐= 𝑇 1 𝑚 𝑣 = 𝑇1
3 3

Rewrite the equation

𝑣=
𝑇1
3𝑚 √
( )√
2 1 𝑇1
FLAT BELT ( 𝑒
1
𝑃=(𝑇 1 −𝑇 𝑐 ) 1 − 𝜇𝜃 𝑣
) 𝑃= 𝑇 1 1 − 𝜇𝜃
3 𝑒 3𝑚

( )√
2 1 𝑇1
( )
1 𝑃= 𝑇 1 −
𝑃=(𝑇 ¿ ¿1 −𝑇 2 ) 1 − 𝑣¿
V-BELT 𝑒
( sin 𝛽 )
𝜇𝜃 3 1 ( 𝜇𝜃

𝑒 sin 𝛽
) 3𝑚

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

INITIAL TENSION OF BELT DRIVE SYSTEM

• Practically, setting of the tension on the driver and driven sheave is
done when the belt drive is not operating.

• This initial setting is called Initial Tension,

• It will increase the gripping ability of the belt to the pulley.

without with

𝑇 1+𝑇 2 𝑇 1+𝑇 2 +2 𝑇 𝑐
INITIAL TENSION 𝑇 𝐴=
2
𝑇 𝐴=
2

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2. POWER TRANSFER DAM 23803 MECHANICS OF MACHINE

BELT CREEP
• Belt creep happens due to the elasticity of belt. It can be defined as a
situation in which a portion of the belt elongated while the other does
not.
• Due to elastic condition, Abbreviation
Cross sectional area
𝑣𝑇
𝑣𝑇
=1 −
2

1
𝐴×𝐸 (
𝑇1− 𝑇 2
) Modulus of Elasticity

Belt Creep ratio Abbreviation

𝑁 2 𝑑1
= ×
𝑁1 𝑑2
𝐸+ √ 𝑄 2
𝐸 + √ 𝑄1( ) Speed (rpm)
Diameter
Modulus of Elasticity
Stress on tight side
Stress on slack side

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