LESSON 2

THE CELL
(Major and subcellular organelles
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)

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 MITOCHONDRIA
and
CHLOROPLAST
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Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:

• Illustrate the structure of the mitochondria, label its

parts, and understand the importance of the enfolding
of the inner mitochondrial membrane
• Illustrate the structure of the chloroplast, label its
parts, and relate these parts to photosynthesis

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 MITOCHONDRIA

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 LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

• Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells
• Differences between membrane-bound organelles
and non-membrane-bound organelles
• Functions of the different parts of a cell

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LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

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 LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Understand the concept of compartmentalization.

How the cell is compartmentalized into

organelles?
Compare compartmentalization to the division of a house
into a receiving room or sala, kitchen, dining room,
comfort rooms, bedrooms, etc.
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INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

What is the nature and functions

of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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 INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

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 INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

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 INTRODUCTION OF THE LESSON

Answer the
ACTIVITY 1

Activity 1 in this
folder
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 Mitochondria Structure
• Mitochondria are shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity. They
are made of two membranes.
• The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a
skin. The inter membrane space (the space between the outer and
inner membranes).
• The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered
structures called cristae. The fluid contained in the mitochondria is
called the matrix.
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 • They are the organelles that act like a digestive
system which takes nutrients, breaks them down
and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.

• The biochemical of the cell are known as cellular

respiration ( is a metabolic pathway that breaks
down glucose and produces ATP).

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 • Matrix (also rich in enzymes)
- Within the matrix is DNA that encodes proteins
essential for mitochondrial function; ribosomes
occupy the matrix as well.

• The folding of the inner membrane increases the surface

area inside the organelle.

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 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
• Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular
chromosome found inside the mitochondria

• It is also passed almost exclusively from mother

to offspring through the egg cell.

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 What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?

Mitochondria are a part of eukaryotic cells. The

main job of mitochondria is to perform cellular
respiration. This means it takes in nutrients from
the cell, breaks it down, and turns it into energy.

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ACTIVITY 2

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ACTIVITY 2

Answer the
Activity 2 in this
folder

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 CHLOROPLAS
T

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 • The term Chloroplast was first described
by Nehemiah Grew and Antonie Van
Leeuwenhoek.

• “Chloro” means green while “Plast”

means living.
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 • Chlorophyll pigments present in the
chloroplast imparts the green colour to
plants.

• Chloroplasts are present in plants and other

eukaryotic organisms that conducts
photosynthesis
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 Parts of Chloroplasts
•Outer membrane – It is a semi-porous membrane and is
permeable to small molecules and ions, which diffuses easily. The
outer membrane is not permeable to larger proteins.
•Intermembrane Space – It is usually a thin intermembrane
space about 10-20 nanometers and it is present between the
outer and the inner membrane of the chloroplast.

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Inner membrane

The inner membrane of the chloroplast forms a

border to the stroma. It regulates passage of
materials in and out of the chloroplast. In addition
of regulation activity, the fatty acids, lipids and
carotenoids are synthesized in the inner chloroplast
membrane.
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 Stroma- Stroma is a alkaline, aqueous fluid which is
protein rich and is present within the inner
membrane of the chloroplast. The space outside the
thylakoid space is called the stroma. The chloroplast
DNA chlroplast ribosomes and the thylakoid sytem,
starch granules and many proteins are found floating
around the stroma.
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Thylakoid System-
The thylakoid system is suspended in the stroma. The
thylakoid system is a collection of membranous sacks called
thylakoids. The chlorophyll is found in the thylakoids and is
the sight for the process of light reactions of photosynthesis
to happen. The thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as
grana. Each granum contains around 10-20 thylakoids

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ACTIVITY 3

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 Answer the
Activity 3 in this
ACTIVITY 3

folder

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 ASSESSMENT

Answer the assessment

file in this folder

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ENH
ANC
EME
NT

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 ASSIGNMENTS
1. What are the characteristics shared by these two
energy transforming organelles?
2. Write an essay on probable reasons for these the
shared characteristics of the mitochondria and the
chloroplast. Submit an essay on the Endosymbiotic
Theory and how it explains the similarity between the
mitochondria and chloroplast.

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 REFERENCES
• https://www.google.com/search?
q=venn+diagram+mitochondria+and+chloroplast&tbm=isch&ved=2
ahUKEwin0qaNuv7oAhVL6ZQKHdbWDyMQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=venn+diagram+mito&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgDMgII
ADICCAAyAggAMgIIADIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAIEB4yBggAEAgQHjIGC
AAQCBAeMgYIABAIEB4yBggAEAgQHjoECAAQQ1D4KFiWW2CBgAFo
AHAAeACAAeoJiAHfQJIBCzMtMy4yLjIuMi4zmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLX
dpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=RH2hXqegC8vS0wTWrb-
YAg&bih=608&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=QQ41Df7oeUnyoM
• Holt Biology
• Biology 1 TG
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