SKIN CARE PRODUCTS:

SKIN ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
Abang, Almira
Abdul, Zhaideemar
Abdulaup, Adnan
Halani, Amilajid
Kalbi, Reedwann
 At the end of ● Review Basic Structure and
Function of Human Skin

this topic the

● Define Skin Flora and Skin pH
● Define Skin types and it's

students must
Classification
● Define Skin Type based on

be able to:
Hydration State and Lipid Content
● Define Skin types based on
Gender
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF HUMAN SKIN
● Skin is the largest sensory and contact organ in
the human body.
● Surface area in adults : 1.5–2 m2.
● Two main layers: epidermis and dermis
● Underneath the dermis - hypodermis (not
considered a component of the skin)
 EPIDERMIS
● outer layer of the skin
● often referred to as the “brick and mortar”
structure.
● Function : protective layer against external
influences

FIVE MAIN LAYERS

● Stratum corneum
● Stratum lucidum
● Stratum granulosum
● Stratum spinosum,
● Stratum basale
 FIVE MAIN LAYERS
● Stratum corneum
○ referred to as the “SC”
○ Other Term: horny layer
○ Composition: dead cells that
continuously shed and are replaced by
cells in the adjacent layer.
○ contains 15–30 layers of dead cells.
● Stratum lucidum
○ the translucent or clear layer
○ Composition: contains 3–5 rows of
densely packed flat dead cells.
● Stratum granulosum
○ Other Term: granular layer
○ Composition: consists of 3–5 layers of
flattened keratinocytes that begin to die.
● Stratum spinosum,
○ Other Term: prickle cell layer,
○ Composition: contains 8–10 rows of cells
○ Function: responsible for lipid and protein
synthesis.
● Stratum basale
○ Other Term: stratum germinativum / the
basal cell layer
○ Composition: made up of a single layer of
cells.
○ where cells divide continuously to form
new keratinocytes.
 CELLS IN THE EPIDERMIS
● Corneocytes
○ tightly packed, water-resistant dead cells
that make up the SC
○ embedded in a complex lipid material
(called intercellular lamellar lipids)
○ protected by a cornified envelope,
● Keratinization
○ known as cornification
○ dynamic process of epidermal renewal
○ begins in the basal layer where new skin
cells (keratinocytes) formed and are
continually pushed upward.
● Melanocytes
○ found in the basal cell layer
○ Function: responsible for melanin
production
● Langerhans cells
○ play an important role in the body’s
immune system
● Merkel cells
○ tend to lie close to sensory nerve endings
in the stratum basale.
○ Function: touch receptors
 DERMIS
● located under the epidermis
● Function: supporting frame to the epidermis,
supplying it with nutrients and oxygen via the blood
capillaries.
● Its internal three-dimensional structure, described as
an amorphous (i.e., without shape or structure)
substance,

ELEMENTS OF THE DERMIS

● fibroblasts (which produce the intercellular substance and collagen fibers),
● Nerves and sensory organs,
● blood vessels,
● sebaceous glands,
● sweat glands, and hair follicles
● connective tissue containing collagen and elastin fibers.
ELEMENTS OF THE DERMIS
● Collagen fibers
○ give the skin its strength
○ plays an important role in wound healing
● Elastin
○ responsible for the skin’s elasticity, i.e., its ability to spring back after being stretched.
● Sebaceous glands
○ found all over the body, except for the palms, soles, and dorsum of the feet.
○ largest and most concentrated in the face and scalp, where they are sites of origin of acne and other skin
disorders.
○ Function: to produce and secrete sebum
● Nerve endings
○ Function: responsible for transmitting sensory signals, such as touch, pressure, pain, and temperature from
the skin.
● Blood vessels
○ essential role in supplying the epidermis with oxygen and nutrients.
○ are particularly important in the regulation of body temperature, along with the sweat glands.
 HYPODERMIS
● Fat layer beneath the dermis
● Hypo means “below”
● Also called subcutaneous layer

- sub means “under”. cutaneous means “skin”.

FUNCTION:

- acts as a cushioning layer to protect the vital

organs from trauma and provides protection
against cold, and protect internal organs
MOISTURE CONTENT OF NORMAL SKIN
● Water content of the skin is 80% - including epidermis and
dermis.
● The SC has a lower water content of approximately 10–30%.
● Water content of the skin if normal - appears smooth, soft,
and glowing
● Water content if lower than normal - lines are more visible,
the skin feels tight and dry, and itching and redness can be
experienced.
 Question:
How water is important in our skin ?
Skin Flora and Skin pH
Human skin is continuously inhabited by many different microorganisms, including
bacteria, fungi, and viruses, which are collectively referred to as the skin
microbiota. Under normal circumstances in a healthy individual, these
microorganisms are harmless and are even beneficial. Microbes on the skin are
generally divided into two categories: resident flora and transient flora.
RESIDENT FLORA
● consists of relatively fixed types of microorganisms
● contained in the resident flora cannot be rigidly defined for all humans
● depends on the anatomic location, local humidity, amount of sebum and sweat production,
physiological differences, diet, age, geographic location, hormonal status, medicines, and
other factors.

The most common bacteria:

Corynebacterium, Streptococcus. Staphylococcus. Neisseria. Peptococcus. Acinetobacter, and
Propionibacterium species,

The most common fungal genus :

Malassezia
TRANSIENT FLORA

● consists of nonpathogenic or potentially pathogenic

● microorganisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes for hours, days, or
even weeks.
● change all the time depending on what we touch.
● if the resident flora is disturbed, transient microorganisms can colonize, proliferate,
and produce disease.
● The skin is particularly prone to containing transient microorganisms due to constant
exposure to the environment, and they are easier to remove than the resident flora
through mechanical friction.
● The maintenance of the skin's resident flora and its protective function is
dependent on the skin's pH being kept at a physiological level, typically slightly
acidic.

● Normally, the skin surface is slightly acidic, its pH ranges between 4.5 and 5.5.

● depends on the gender and body site

● An increase in pH can lead to dry and scaly skin, reduced desquamation, and the
growth of pathogenic bacteria.
 SKIN TYPES
Type I includes people with red and blond hair, blue eyes as well as freckles,
and very fair skin. This is the type of skin that never tans and burns very easily.
People with this skin type are extremely sun sensitive.

Type II includes people with fair skin, red or blond hair, and blue, hazel, or
green eyes. This skin is very sun sensitive, burns easily, and tans minimally.

Type IIl includes people with cream white to olive skin, fair with mainly brown
or sandy hair, and any eye color. This skin type is sun sensitive; however, it can
gradually tan to a light brown and sometimes burns. It is a very common skin
type.
 SKIN TYPES
Type IV includes those who have dark brown skin, dark brown hair, and green,
hazel, or brown eyes. This skin type always tans to a moderate brown with
minimal burning and has minimal sun sensitivity.

Type V includes people with dark brown skin who tan well, very rarely burn,and
have sun-insensitive skin. They usually have dark black hair and dark brown
eyes.

Type VI describes deeply pigmented black skin. They have black hair and dark
brown eyes. This skin type is sun insensitive, which always tans and never
burns.
SKIN TYPES
SKIN TYPES BASED ON HYDRATION
STATE AND LIPID CONTENT
Skin Types Based on Hydration State and Lipid Content

◾Normal skinORMAL SKIN ◾ Oily skinOILY SKIN

- It is generally described as not too oily and not too dry.
- structurally and functionally balanced, has fine pores; it
is smooth and well supplied with blood.
- has no only a few imperfections, no severe sensitivity,
and a radiant complexion.
- Has enlarged pores; therefore, it is very shiny as
a result of overacativity of the sebaceous glands.
- lead to oily skin, clogged pores, and acne.
Several factors:

Genetic inheritance, hormonal changes, diet,

stress, and external agents (such as cosmetics,
◾ Dry skinDRY SKIN
chemicals, UV light).
- It can be characterized as scaly, rough, and dull.

- Dry skin tends more toward premature aging and is

likely to have more wrinkles.
Skin Types Based on Hydration State and Lipid Content
◾ combination skinCOMBINATION
SKIN
- Combination of normal and oily skin,
or of oily and dry skin.
- Greasy in the central T-zone of the
forehead, nose, and chin.
- Areas in cheeks and hairline is
normal or dry.
◾ Sensitive skinSENSITIVE SKIN
- Prone to skin allergies
- Defined by abnormal sensory symptoms, for example, tingling,
chafing, burning, or prickling, and possibly pain or pruritus by:
● chemicals (e.g., cosmetics, soaps, water, pollution)
● pysical factors (e.g., UV light, heat, cold and wind)
● psychological factors (e.g., stress)
● hormones (e.g., menstrual cycles)
Types of Sensitive Skin:
Acne, rosacea, burning and stinging, and
contact dermatitis.
Thankyou, everyone!