Arithmetic operations

Addition
• The concept of combining two or more numbers.

• Notation: 8 + 3 = 11
• 8 and 3 are the addends
• 11 is the sum
Subtraction
• When one number is subtracted from another

• Notation: 15 – 7 = 8
• 15 is the minuend
• 7 is the subtrahend
• 8 is the difference
Multiplication
• the process of adding one number to itself a given number of times
The result is called the product.

• Notation: 12 × 5 = 60 or 12*5 = 60
• 12 is the multiplier
• 5 is the multiplicand
• 60 is the product
Division
• It is the process of determining how many times one number is
contained in another. The number divided by another is called the
dividend. The number divided into the dividend is called the divisor,
and the answer obtained by division is called the quotient.

• Notation: 48 : 6 = 8
• 48 is the dividend
• 6 is the divisor
• 8 is the quotient.
Regular/ irregular verbs?
• Regular vb? Infinitive Past tense/
simple past
Past participle

• Irregular vb?
Classification based on the historical
principle
• Strong verbs
• Weak verbs
Strong verbs
• Form their past tense by change in the internal vowel of the stem
• Don’t have an inflection of the –ed variety
• OE verbs
• Irregular
• 5 sub-classes
1. Past tense is formed by vowel change, infinitive and past part. have the
same vowel. Ending in “-n” or “-en”
Give, gave, given
Take, took, taken
See, saw, seen
2. Past tense is formed by vowel change, infinitive and past part. have the same
vowel. Inflections “-n” or “-en” have dropped.
Come, came, come
Become, became, become
Run, ran, run
3. Vowel change in past tense is assimilated in past part. as well. Preserves the
ending “-n” or “-en”
Break, broke, broken
Speak, spoke, spoken
Forget, forgot, forgotten
4. Change in the past tense and past participle is identical. Inflections “-n” or “-
en” have dropped.
Stand, stood, stood
Sit, sat, sat
Shine, shone, shone
5. Different vowel changes in past tense and past participle. No
inflection
Begin, began, begun
Ring, rang, rung
Sing, sang, sung
Drink, drank, drunk
Weak verbs
• Distinguishing mark is “-ed” ending for both past forms
Walk, walked, walked
• Sometimes “-ed” is replaced with “-t”
• Majority of English verbs are weak
• Classified into REGULAR and IRREGULAR

• Regular vb. – past tense and past participle end in “-ed”

Irregular
1. Add “-t”. No change to root vowel.
Burn, burnt, burnt
2. “-t” or “-d” is accompanied by change in root vowel
Sell, sold, sold
3. Final consonant in replaced by “-t”
Send, sent, sent
Build, built, built