Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Immunization
Immunization
Childhood Immunization
KABERA Ren,MD PGY III Resident Family and Community Medicine National University of Rwanda
Introduction
1. The goal of immunization in any one individual is the prevention of disease. The goal of immunization of populations is the eradication of disease. 2. As a result, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, and tetanus have all but disappeared in developed nations; measles, rubella, and pertussis are now rare. 3. Smallpox has been eradicated, and the World Health Organization has made poliomyelitis the next target for eradication.
Introduction
Expanded Programme on Immunizations :EPIRwanda EPI is comprised of three principal components: routine vaccination, supplemental immunization activities, and surveillance of target diseases. Routine immunization is intended to reach infants 0-11 months of age and pregnant women, during antenatal care visits.
Introduction
Vaccination services delivery in Rwanda The proportion of vaccination coverage of immunized children < 1yr was 85 % for PENTA 3, 88 % for measles vaccine and between 80 and 85 % for the other antigens.2010
Principles of Vaccination
Immunity 1. Self vs. non-self 2. Protection from infectious disease 3. Usually indicated by the presence of antibody 4. Very specific to a single antigen
Principles of Vaccination
Active Immunity 1. Protection produced by the person's own immune system 2. Usually permanent Passive Immunity 1. Protection transferred from another person or animal as antibody
Principles of Vaccination
Antigen 1. A live or inactivated substance (e.g., protein, polysaccharide) capable of producing an immune response Antibody 1. Protein molecules (immunoglobulin) produced by B lymphocytes to help eliminate an antigen
Passive Immunity
1. Transfer of antibody from an exogenous source 2. Transplacental most important source in infancy 3. Temporary protection
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Vaccination
1. Active immunity produced by vaccine 2. Immunity and immunologic memory similar to natural infection but without risk of disease
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Classification of Vaccines
1. active: administration of an antigen (usually as a modified infectious agent or toxin) for active production of immunity 2. passive: administration of antibody-containing serum or sensitized cells for passive protection of the recipient.
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Inactivated Vaccines
Whole 1. virus 2. bacteria Fractional 1. protein-based subunit toxoid 2. polysaccharide-based pure conjugate
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Principles of Vaccination
General Rule The more similar a vaccine is to the natural disease, the better the immune response to the vaccine.
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3.
Unstable
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Inactivated Vaccines
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cannot replicate Minimal interference from circulating antibody Generally not as effective as live vaccines Generally require 3-5 doses Immune response mostly humoral Antibody titer falls over time
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Inactivated Vaccines
Whole cell vaccines 1. Viral polio, hepatitis A, rabies (influenza)
2. Bacterial (pertussis) (typhoid)(cholera) (plague)
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Inactivated Vaccines
Fractional vaccines
1. Subunit hepatitis B, influenza, acellular pertussis, typhoid Vi (Lyme) 2. Toxoid diphtheria, tetanus
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Polysaccharide Vaccines
Pure polysaccharide 1. pneumococcal 2. meningococcal 3. Haemophilus influenzae type b Conjugate polysaccharide 1. Haemophilus influenzae type b 2. pneumococcal
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EPI Rwanda
At birth :Polio 1- BCG 1Mo1/2: Polio 2, Diphteria, Coqueluche, tetanos, hemophilus influenzae b ,Hepatitis b, pneumococcal 2mo1/2: polio 3, Diphteria, Coqueluche, tetanos, hemophilus influenzae b ,Hepatitis b, pneumococcal 3mo1/2: polio 4,Diphteria,Coqueluche,tetanos,hemophilus influenzae b ,Hepatitis b, pneumococcal 9mo : measles, Vit A
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The end
thank you
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