Earthquake Hazards

ALWAYS FIRST ALWAYS READY ALWAYS THERE

 Always FIRST Always READY Always THERE

Module IV: Earthquake Hazards

• Ground shaking
• Ground rupture
• Liquefaction
• Tsunami
• Earthquake-induced landslide
EARTHQUAKE

July 16, 1990; intensity 7

1,666 dead; 3,500 injured
P11B in damages in Property
P1.2B in Agriculture
Philippine
Seismicity
• an average of 20 earthquakes
recorded per day
• 100 felt earthquakes per year
• 90 destructive earthquakes for
past 400 years
• Earthquakes occur within the Philippine Archipelago every
now and then mainly because the country is situated along
two major tectonic plates of the world – the
PACIFIC PLATES and the EURASIAN PLATES.
 The Philippine Archipelago occupies the western rim of the Pacific
Ocean (Western Segment of the Pacific Ring / Rim of Fire), a most active
part of the earth that is characterized by an ocean-encircling belt of active
volcanoes and earthquake generators (fault lines).
West Pacific
Ring of Fire
and Earthquake
Belt

INACTIVE VOLCANO

ACTIVE VOLCANO

EPICENTER
 Earthquake
Generators:
Active Faults
And
Trenches
Active, Inactive and
Potentially Active
Volcanoes of the
Philippines
• more than 300 volcanoes
• 23 considered active
(with recorded eruption
or latest eruption <10000 years)
• 26 potentially active
• 278 inactive
 Active Volcanoes in the Philippines

Name No. of Date of Last LAT/LONG Location

Eruptions Eruption
Mayon  49 2009 13° 15.4'/123° 41.1' Albay, Bicol Region, Luzon

Taal  33 1977 14° 00'/121° 00' Batangas, Luzon

Kanlaon  26 2006 10° 24.7/123° 7.9' Negros Occidental, Visayas

Bulusan  16 2006-2007 12° 47'/124° 03' Sorsogon, Bicol Region, Luzon

Ragang 7 1916 7° 41.5/124° 30.3' Bukidnon, Mindanao
Smith 5 1924 19° 32.5/121° 55' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Hibok-Hibok  5 1949-1953 9° 12.2/124° 40.4 Camiguin Island, Mindanao
Didicas 6 1978 19° 05'/122° 12' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Pinatubo  2 1991-1992 15° 08'/120° 21' Pampanga, Zambales & Tarlac,
Luzon
Babuyan Claro 4 1917 19° 31.5'/121° 57' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Bud Dajo 2 1897 5° 59'/121° 13' Sulu, Mindanao
Camiguin de Babuyanes 1 1857 18° 50'/121° 52' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Cagua 2 1907 18° 13'/122° 07' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Banahao  1 ?1730 14° 04'/121° 29' Laguna & Quezon Province,
Luzon
Calayo (Musuan) 1 1866 7° 52'/125° 4.4' Bukidnon, Mindanao
Iraya 1 1454 20° 29'/122° 01' Batanes Island, Northern Luzon
Iriga 1 1628 13° 28'/123° 28' Camarines Sur, Bicol Region,
Luzon
Biliran 1 1939 11° 37'/124° 30' Leyte, Visayas
Matutum  1 1911 6° 22'/124° 04' South Cotabato, Mindanao

Parker  1 1641 6° 6.8'/124° 53.5' South Cotabato, Mindanao

Makaturing 7 1882 7° 38.5'/124° 19' Lanao, Mindanao
Leonard 1 1,800 Bp 7° 4.5'/126° 4' Davao, Mindanao
Cabalian 1 135 Bp 10° 16.5'/125°12.5' San Juan, Leyte
 Earthquake
How Earthquake
Vibrations are
Generated?

Most natural
earthquakes are
caused by sudden
slippage along a fault
zone.
 Earthquake

Ground shaking per se

cannot harm

Failure of buildings
due to inferior design,
poor construction, or
weak foundation
cause people harm or
death.
 Earthquake Hazard
GROUND RUPTURE
Deformation on the
ground that marks
the interaction of the
fault with the earth’s
surface

Effects: Fissuring,
displacement of the
ground due to the
movement of the fault
 Earthquake Hazard
GROUND SHAKING
Disruptive up, down
and sideways
vibration of the ground
during an earthquake.

Effects: Damage or
collapse of structure;
may consequently
cause hazards such
as liquefaction and
landslide
 Earthquake Hazard
LIQUEFACTION
Phenomenon wherein
sediments, especially
near bodies of water,
behave like liquid
similar to a quick sand

Effects: Sinking
and/or tilting of
structure above it;
sandboil; fissuring
 Earthquake Hazard
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
Downslope movement
of rocks, soil and
other debris
commonly triggered
by strong shaking

Effects: Erosion;
burial and blockage of
roads and rivers
 Earthquake Hazard
TSUNAMI
Series of waves
caused commonly by
an earthquake under
the sea

Effects: Flooding;
coastal erosion;
drowning of people
and damage to
properties
End of Module