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Lec07 Genetics
Lec07 Genetics
TT tt
Monohybrid cross for stem length:
P = parentals TT tt
true breeding, (tall) (dwarf)
homozygous plants:
F1 generation Tt
is heterozygous: (all tall plants)
Punnett square
• A useful tool to do genetic crosses
• For a monohybrid cross, you need a square divided by
four….
• Looks like
a window
pane…
We use the
Punnett square
to predict the
genotypes and phenotypes of
the offspring.
Using a Punnett Square
STEPS:
1. determine the genotypes of the parent organisms
2. write down your "cross" (mating)
3. draw a p-square
Parent genotypes:
TT and t t
Cross
TT tt
Punnett square
4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent & put
them "outside" the p-square
5. determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling
in the p-square
6. summarize results (genotypes & phenotypes of offspring)
T T
TT tt
t Genotypes:
Tt Tt
100% T t
Phenotypes:
t Tt Tt 100% Tall plants
Monohybrid cross: F2 generation
• If you let the F1 generation self-fertilize, the next
monohybrid cross would be:
Tt Tt
(tall) (tall)
Genotypes:
1 TT= Tall
T t 2 Tt = Tall
1 tt = dwarf
Genotypic ratio= 1:2:1
T TT Tt
Phenotype:
3 Tall
t Tt tt 1 dwarf
Phenotypic ratio= 3:1
Secret of the Punnett Square
• Key to the Punnett Square:
• Determine the gametes of each parent…
• How? By “splitting” the genotypes of each parent:
t t
T Tt Tt
T
Tt Tt
Shortcut for Punnett Square…
• If either parent is HOMOZYGOUS
T T t t
t Genotypes:
100% T t
T
Tt
Phenotypes:
100% Tall plants
• You only need one box!
Understanding the shortcut…
t t
t
T Tt Tt
= T Tt
T Genotypes:
Tt Tt
100% T t
Phenotypes:
100% Tall plants
If you have another cross…
• A heterozygous with a homozygous
T t t t
You can
still use the
shortcut!
t
Genotypes:
50% T t
T Tt 50 % t t
Phenotypes:
t t t 50% Tall plants
50% Dwarf plants
Another example: Flower color
For example, flower color:
P = purple (dominant)
p = white (recessive)
Genotypes:
P p 1 PP
2 Pp
1 pp
P PP Pp
Phenotypes:
p Pp pp 3 Purple
1 White
Mendel’s Principles
• 1. Principle of Dominance:
One allele masked another, one allele was
dominant over the other in the F1 generation.
• 2. Principle of Segregation:
When gametes are formed, the pairs of
hereditary factors (genes) become separated,
so that each sex cell (egg/sperm) receives only
one kind of gene.
Human case: CF
• Mendel’s Principles of Heredity apply
universally to all organisms.
• Cystic Fibrosis: a lethal genetic disease affecting
Caucasians.
• Caused by mutant recessive gene carried by 1 in
20 people of European descent (12M)
• One in 400 Caucasian couples will be both
carriers of CF – 1 in 4 children will have it.
• CF disease affects transport
in tissues – mucus is accumulated
in lungs, causing infections.
Inheritance pattern of CF
IF two parents carry the recessive gene of
Cystic Fibrosis (c), that is, they are
heterozygous (C c), one in four of their
children is expected to be homozygous for
cf and have the disease:
C c
C C = normal C CC Cc
C c = carrier, no symptoms
c c = has cystic fibrosis
c Cc cc
Probabilities…
• Of course, the 1 in 4 probability of getting the
disease is just an expectation, and in reality,
any two carriers may have normal children.
• However, the greatest probability is for 1 in 4
children to be affected.
• Important factor when prospective parents are
concerned about their chances of having
affected children.
• Now, 1 in 29 Americans is a symptom-less
carrier (Cf cf) of the gene.
Gaucher Disease
• Gaucher Disease is a rare, genetic disease. It
causes lipid-storage disorder (lipids accumulate in
spleen, liver, bone marrow)
• It is the most common genetic disease affecting
Jewish people of Eastern European ancestry
(1 in 500 incidence; rest of pop. 1 in 100,000)
Dihybrid crosses
• Matings that involve parents that differ in two
genes (two independent traits)
For example, flower color:
P = purple (dominant)
p = white (recessive)
T = tall t = short
Dihybrid cross: flower color and
stem length
TT PP tt pp
(tall, purple) (short, white)
9 Tall purple
TP Tp tP tp
T- Tall
t – short
P- purple
p- white
Beyond Mendelian Genetics:
Incomplete Dominance
Mendel was lucky!
Traits he chose in the
pea plant showed up
very clearly…
One allele was dominant over another, so
phenotypes were easy to recognize.
R r
R R R Rr
r Rr rr
Incomplete dominance
What happens if you cross a pink with a white?
Codominance
• Two alleles are both
expressed as a dominant
phenotype
• Coat color in cows
– RR: Red
– WW: White
– RW: Roan, white with
red spots (NOT pink!)
MULTIPLE ALLELES
Genes which have more than two
alleles
Type A B AB O
A
Donor B
AB
O
Note:
• Type O blood may be transfused into all the
= Agglutination other types = the universal donor.
= Safe transfusion • Type AB blood can receive blood from all
the other blood types = the universal
recipient.
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Blood Type A
• Blood Group ‘A’ – Individuals with
blood group A have type A antigens on
the surface of red blood cells and type Type A
B antibodies in blood plasma.
b
• Group A individual can receive blood
from individuals of group ‘A’ or group b
b A
‘O’ and can donate their blood to
individuals with group A or AB. b
Blood Type B
• Blood Group ‘B’ – Individuals with
Type B
blood group B have type B antigens on
the surface of red blood cells and type
A antibodies in blood plasma. a
• Group B individual can receive blood
from individuals of group ‘B’ or group a B a
‘O’ and can donate their blood to
individuals with type B or AB. a
Blood Type AB
• Blood Group ‘AB’ – Individuals with
blood group AB have both type A and Type AB
type B antigens on the surface of red
blood cells, but no antibodies in blood
plasma.
• An individual with type AB blood can
AB
receive blood from any group, but can
donate their blood only to individual
having same blood type (AB). This
type of blood group is also known as
the ‘Universal Recipient’.
Blood Type O
• Blood Group ‘O’ – Individuals with blood
group O have neither type A nor type B
antigens on the surface of red blood cells, Type O
but have both type A and type B antibodies
in blood plasma.
b
• Group O individual can receive blood only a
from a group ‘O’ individual, but can easily a b
donate blood to individuals having any b b
blood group. This type of blood group is a
also known as the ‘Universal Donor’.
Human Blood Types
Type A Type B
b a
b
b A a B a
b a
Type AB Type O
b
a
AB a b
b b
a
SEATWORK
• 1. A couple believes they brought the wrong
baby from the hospital. The wife is type O,
her husband is B and the child is O. Could
the child be theirs?
• 2. A woman of blood type AB marries a
man of blood type A whose father
• was O. What is the probability that:
• a. their two children will be A?
• b. one child will be type A and the
• other is O?
• 3. A man of what blood group could not be the
father to a child of blood group AB
• 4. If a mother and her child belong to blood
group O, what blood group could the father
not belong to?
• 5. A police have rounded up the usual suspects
in the latest rash of cellphone thefts. The thief
got nasty paper cut at scene of the crime. The
suspects are blood type O, A, B, and AB. The
crime scene contained an i allele. Which
suspect therefore cannot have been involved?
AB A
B B
AB B
AB AB