Reading and

Writing
Skills
Lesson 4.2
Let us
pray!

“Let go of who you think you're

supposed to be and embrace who you
are.”
 Means to
Achieve
Paragraph
Cohesion
Lesson 4.2
Table of contents
Paragraph Transitional
01 Cohesion 02 Devices

Parallel
Pronoun
03 Structure or 04 Reference
Parallelism

05 Repetition 06 Logical Order

01

Paragraph Cohesion
Let us define!
Paragraph Cohesion

Cohesion Coherent

It refers to the way we use Just as sentences are cohesive when

vocabulary and grammatical they “stick” together, paragraphs are
structures to make connections coherent when the content seems
between the ideas within a text. meaningful, understanding and useful.
 02
Transitional
Devices
 Transitional Devices
Words and phrases that connect and
relate ideas, sentences, and paragraphs to
have a logical flow of ideas as they signal
the relationship between sentences and
paragraphs.
Transitional Words
Example
There are ways you can make boring tasks more pleasant. For instance, listen to
music or sing along with the music while you work.

Contrast
Achieving your goals in life may seem difficult but with hard work,
determination and industry everything can be possible.

Cause and Effect

Some people in the province built their houses very close to the shoreline.
Consequently, they usually experience nature’s wrath during heavy storms.
There are a lot of
transitional devices and
words we can see on the
internet.
 03

Parallel Structure

Parallelism
Parallel Structure or Parallelism

The use of similar pattern or

grammatical form within a
sentence or paragraph to
achieve paragraph coherence.
Adjectives
During a pandemic, most people are
afraid, anxious, and cautious.

Gerund
Reading a book, listening to music, and
watching movies are just some of the things
that people do to pass away the time.

Past Tense
The parents picked up the modules,
the students answered the activities,
and the teachers checked their outputs.
 04

Pronoun Reference
(Antecedent)
Pronoun
Reference
Pronouns must always
refer clearly to the noun
they represent
(antecedent)
Let us have examples!

Unclear Clear
The teacher listened Mr. Roxas listened to Ella
to Ella and she did and he did not understand
what she was trying to
not understand what say. (antecedent of he –
she was trying to say Mr. Roxas, antecedent of
she – Ella)
Let us have examples!

Unclear Clear
The students are The students are
shouting at one shouting at one another
another when his when their teacher
teacher entered the entered the room.
room. (antecedent of their –
students)
Let us have examples!

Unclear Clear
Everyone has his or her
Everyone has own battles to fight.
their own (antecedent of his or her –
everyone; the indefinite
battles to fight. pronoun everyone can
either be male or a female)
 05
Repetitio
n
Repetitio
n
The intentional
use of a word or
phrase to
emphasize a
point
Let us have examples!
Count on Me by Brunor
Mars

If you ever find yourself stuck in the middle of the

sea I'll sail the world to find you
If you ever find yourself lost in the dark and you
can't see I'll be the light to guide you.
Also!
Hi!
The use of contrasting
words following the
repeated elements
strengthens the
passage
Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities!
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the
age of foolishness, it was the epoch of
belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was
the season of Light, it was the season of
Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was
the winter of despair, we had everything
before us, we had nothing before us, we
were all going direct to Heaven, we were all
going direct the other way…”
………………………..
06

Logical Order
Logical Order
Refers to organization
of details used to
support the main idea
of the paragraph.
You can organize your details based on the chart below:

Chronological
- arranged in time sequence
(yesterday, last year, in 2020,
morning…)
Importance
- arranged based on significance
(most important-least important,
least familiar-most familiar…)

Spatial Sequential/
- arranged according to space
Procedural
- arranged according to a step-by-
relationships (near-far, inside-
step process (first, second, next,
outside, left-right, top-
afterwards..)
bottom…)
Review!

Paragraph Transitional Parallel Structure

Cohesion Devices Or Parallelism

Pronoun Repetition Logical

Reference Order
Assignment 3: 50 points

Choose your own topic. In a long

bond paper, create a 3 to 4 stanza
poem. Use the rubrics below in
writing your poem.
 Rubrics!
Title: 10 points

Cohesiveness: 10 points

Use of Poetic Elements: 10 points

Rhythm: 10 points

Creativity: 10 points
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?

JM MENDEZ
tramjmendez02@gmail.com

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by

Slidesgo, including icon by Flaticon, and
infographics & images from Freepik

Please keep this slide for attribution