Chapter 9

DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

COURSE CONTENTS
 Diversion Head-Works
 Introduction to Seepage Theories
 Introduction to Diversion Head-Works
 Barrage Regulation & Silt Control Devices
 Design of Modern Weirs and Barrages on Permeable Foundation
 Theory and Design of Canal Regulation Structures
 Head Regulators
 Cross Regulators
 Canal Escapes
 Canal Falls/Drop Structures
 Cross Drainage Works
 Super Passage
 Aquaduct
 Syphon Aquaduct
 Level Crossing
 COURSE CONTENTS
 Highway Crossings
 Culverts
 Design of Parameters
 Characteristics of Flow
 Methods of Culvert Design
 Performance Curves
 Bridges
 Spillways
 Types of Spillways
 Hydraulic Design of Over flow and Ogee Spillways
 Energy Dissipation below the Spillways
 Design of Stilling Basin
 Special Topics
REFERENCE BOOKS
 Hydraulic Structure’s Hand Book by Larry May
 Hydraulic Structures by P. Novak
 Hydraulic Structure by Davis
 Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic Structures by S.K. Garg
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
 Theory 100 Marks
 Final Exam 50 Marks
 Mid-term 30 Marks
 Quizzes 20 Marks
 Practical 100 Marks
 Project+Presentation 40 Marks
 Assignments 30 Marks
 Class Performance 10 Marks
 Viva 20 Marks
DIVERSION HEAD WORKS
 Diversion Head Works
 The diversion head works are constructed at the head of the canal to divert
the river water towards the canal, so as to ensure a regulated continuous
supply of silt-free water into the canal.

 Weir: Major part or entire ponding is achieved by a raised crest and

smaller/nil part of it is achieved by the shutters

 Barrage: Most of the ponding is done by gates and smaller/nil part of it

is done by the raised crest
WEIR AND BARRAGE
GRAVITY AND NON-GRAVITY WEIRS
 Gravity Weir
 The weight of the weir balances the uplift pressure
caused by the head of the water seeping below the
weir
 Non-Gravity Weir
The weir floor is designed continuous with the divide
piers as reinforced structure, so that the weight of
concrete slab together with the weight of the divide
piers, keep the structure safe against the uplift.
COMPONENTS OF DIVERSION WEIR
 Weir proper
 Under sluices divide wall
 Divide wall
 River training works
 Fish Ladder
 Canal Head Regulator
 Weir’s ancillary works
 Silt Regulation Works
TYPES OF WEIRS
CROSS-SECTION OF A BARRAGE
EXAMPLE
 The head regulator of a canal has 3 openings each 3 m wide. The
water is flowing between upper and lower gates. The vertical opening
of the gate is 1 m. The head on the regulator is 0.45 m (afflux). If the
upstream water level rises by 0.2 m, find how much the upper gates
must be lowered to maintain the canal discharge unaltered.
BARRAGE REGULATION AND SILT CONTROL AT HEAD WORKS

 Still Pond Control Method

 The scouring gates are closed when canal is running
 The reduced flow velocity causes the sediment to settle
down
 Semi-Open Flow Operation
 Water in excess to canal requirement, allowed to enter into
the under-sluice pocket by partially opened scouring gates
 A certain velocity is maintained in the under-sluice pocket
SILT CONTROL DEVICES
 Silt Excluders
 Constructed at the bed of the river, upstream of the head
regulators
 Comparatively clearer water entered into the canal and
silted water enters the silt excluder
 Silt Ejectors/Silt Extractors
 Extract the silt from the canal-water after the silted water
has travelled a certain distance in the off-take canal
 Constructed on the bed of canal at little distance from the
canal head regulator
PRINCIPLE OF SILT CONTROL
 Most of the silt particles tend to settle down in water, thus
confining most in the bottom layers of water

 Silt particle kept in suspension by the force of vertical eddies

generated by the friction of the flowing water against the bed.

 Bed friction can be reduced by constructing a smooth approach

channel.

 It’s easier to construct a smooth approach channel in the canal bed

compared to river bed, therefore the silt ejectors are superior than
the silt excluders
DESIGN DESCRIPTION OF SILT EXCLUDERS
 Consists of a horizontal
diaphragm slab, a little
distance above the canal bed.
 Under the diaphragm, tunnels
are provided to extract he
highly silted bottom water into
the escape channel.
 Tunnel design should leads
undisturbed flow at entry, and
escape flow is quickly
accelerated under the
diaphragm to prevent clogging.
 For this, entire span width is
divided into tunnels or
compartments Sectional
area decreasing increased
flow velocity.
 Escape channel should have
sufficient slope to carry silted
water without getting silted up.