CHAPTER III

PARTS OF SPEECH
PREPARED BY: GROUP 1
 CONTENTS

Noun Pronoun Verb

a b c
Part of Speech Function or “Job” Example Words Example Sentences

Verb action or state (to) be, have, do, like, English Club is a web
work, sing, can, must site. I like English
Club.
Noun thing or person pen, dog, work, This is my dog. He
music, town, London, lives in my house. We
teacher, John live in London.
Adjective describes a noun or a/an, the, 2, some, I have two dogs. My
pronoun good, big, red, well, dogs are big. I like big
interesting dogs.
Adverb describes a verb, quickly, silently, well, My dog eats quickly.
adjective or adverb badly, very, really When he is very
hungry, he eats really
quickly.
Part of Speech Function or “Job” Example Words Example Sentences

Pronoun replaces a noun I, you, he, she, some Tara is Indian. She is
beautiful.

Preposition links a noun to to, at, after, on, but We went to school on
another Monday.

Conjunction joins clauses or and, but, when I like dogs and I like
sentences or words cats. I like cats and
dogs.
I like dogs but I don't
like cats.

Interjection short exclamation, oh!, ouch!, hi!, well Ouch! That hurts! Hi!
sometimes inserted How are you? Well, I
into a sentence don't know.
Examples of other categorizations are:

• Verbs may be treated as two different parts of

speech:
 Lexical Verbs (work, like, run)
 Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)

• Determiners may be treated as a separate

part of speech, instead of being categorized
under Adjectives.
NOUNS
A noun tells the readers what others are talking about. A
noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing,
measures of time, actions, and quantity.

A commnon noun refers to people, places and things. The

beginning letters of common nouns are usually not
capitalized except at the beginning of sentences.
 A proper noun refers to a particular person.
place, or thing which always begins with
capital letters.

Uses:
Subject: My monkey eats unripe bananas.
Appositive: Juancho, my monkey, eats unripe bananas.
Predicate nominative: Juancho is my monkey. (PN
follows the linking verb is) (same as the subject)
Uses:
Direct object: Pedro also loves my monkey. (my monkey acts as the direct
object of verb loves)
Indirect object: Culassa gave my monkey a green yellow banana. (my
monkey precedes direct object)
Objective complement: Pepito calls me a monkey. (monkey means the
same thing as the direct object)
Direct address: "My monkey, please come here.”
Object of preposition: The smile of my monkey could let you forget a
million problems.
 Plural forms of Nouns

1. With-s su
pply-supplies,
foot-feet,
banana -banana
s 3. Without-s ox-Oxen,
focus-foci
2. With apostro
phe peoples' 4. Unchanged plurals
deer, fish,
ideas, women's
journal, two personnel, equipment,
swine,
weeks' pay, ten y
ards' length quail, salmon, sheep,
trout, Chinese
 Plural forms of Nouns

5. Aggregate no
uns - these are
nouns that end in plurals
traditionally plura
s, and are 7. Preserved foreign
sis-
for singular form
l but are also used alumnus-alumni, diagno
appendices
headquarters, sta
s. Ex. Series, diagnoses, appendix-
s that come
means
irs, goods, news
, 8. No changes in noun
noculars,
6. Foreign plura in pairs. Ex. Pants, bi
rs tongs
memorandums, fo
ls - memorandum
- clothes, glasses, scisso
rmula-formulas
 Plural forms of Nouns

ish plurals
9. Add s to the base
word to form 10. Regularized Engl
l
the plural in both op a. Lost foreign plura
en and mata is the lost
hyphenated form Dogma- dogmas (dog
foreign plural)
s (gymnasia)
a. Chief of police - ch Gymnasium-gymnasium
iefs of police ber of musical
b. Brother-in-law - brot
hers-in-law Opus - opuses (a num
composition) (opera)
 Plural forms of Nouns

Stadium - stadiums (s ar
tadia)
Status- statuses (statu b. Lost foreign singul
s)
Agenda - agenda s (agendum is the
Opera -operas (plays
set to music) lost foreign singular)
signe)
Insignia - insignias (in
 Plural forms of Nouns
Singular Specialized Plural Non specialized
Plural
Antenna Antennae Antennas
Cactus Cacti Cactuses
Curriculum Curricula Curriculums
Focus Foci Focuses
11. Alternate foreign
/English Fungus Fungi Funguses
plurals
Larva Larvae Larvas

Referendum Referenda Referendums

Vertebra Vertebrae Vertebras

Ultimatum Ultimata Ultimatums

 PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun, often to
avoid the need to repeat the same noun over and over.
Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, things,
concepts, and places. Most sentences contain at least one
noun or pronoun.
Uses:

1. Nominative case (I, we, you, he, she, it)

a. As subject
Simple: I will study my lessons.
Subject with appositive: We, police officers, passed the
NAPOLCOM examination.
Compound subject: The suspect and she fled from
the crime scene.
Uses:

b. Predicate Nominative- is a noun or pronoun that comes after a

linking verb.
Simple: The lecturer will be she.
Compound: The witnesses were he and I.
With appositive: Edison, the inventor of light bulb,
is often called US's greatest inventor.
Uses:

2. Objective case (me, you, him, her, it, us, and them) used as direct
objects, indirect objects and objects of preposition.
a. Direct object -denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of the
action.
Example:
Juana handcuffed the suspect.
Juana handcuffed him.
Uses:

b. Indirect object- Is referring to someone or something that is affected

by the action of a transive verb.
Example:
The Chief of Police gave us instructions
Juan gave you and (I, me, mine, myself) bananas.
Uses:

c. Object of preposition- object of preposition or the OP is a noun or

pronoun answering "Whom" and "what" after a prepositio in a
prepossitional phrase.
Example:
Pedro runs to her every time he is in need of money.
I am not coming with you all.
He hides the treasure under the tree.
Uses:

3. Possessive case- the possessive form is used with nouns referring to

people, group of people, countries,and animals. It shows relationship of
belonging between one thing and another.
Example:
Jerime's computer was broken.
Anna Mae's house is beautiful.
Japan's culture is very interesting.
 Personal

Demonstrative Reflexive
Types of Pr
onouns

Interrogative Indefinite
Relative
 1. Personal

Personal - used to refer to particular people, places or things.

The person speaking - I, me, my, mine, we, us, or ours

The person spoken to - you, your, yours
You are determined to pass English 5 (you refers to one person)
You are all determined to pass English 5. (you refers to many persons)

The person spoken about - he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them,
their, theirs
He doesn't know the consequences of the foolish things he has been
doing.
Their chief of police retired from the PNP organization in February
2009: he likes to teach the University.
 2. Demonstrative
Demonstrative (to point out a specific person, place or thing) this, that,
these, those

a. This is the reason you have to wear your police uniform properly.
b. That police officer, not the suspects, brought the victim to the hospital for
treatment.
c. These monkeys love to eat this special kind of banana.
d. Those people demands that the retirement benefits of PNP pensioners
should be increased.
 3. Interrogative

Interrogative (to begin a direct or indirect question) what, which, who,

whom and whose

a. What did you hear the suspect said to the victim?

b. Which between the two witnesses is telling the truth?
c. Who could be saved from the wrath of nature?
d. Whom do you share and entrust your difficulties in life?
e. Whose blood could wash away the sins of many people?
4. Relative

Relative (to begin a subordinate clause and relate it to another idea in the
sentence)

a. The person who ran away from the police officer was struck to death by a
lightning
b. The letters which correspond to the correct answers were not properly
encircled.
c. The police officer that usually goes with his family to church is my uncle.
Who is used when the antecedent is a person.
Which is used to refer to anything except persons
That is used to refer to either persons or things, especially communication.
4. Relative

Other uses of who/whoever and whom/whomever (object)

As subject: Whoever stole my revolver will pay dearly.

Who topped the October 2007 Criminology
Board Examination?

As Predicate Nominative: The topnotcher is whoever with the right

preparation.
Object of the verb: You do love whom (Whom do you love?)
Object of preposition: You are talking about whom. (Whom are you
talking about?)
Object of infinitive: You did hope to meet whom in heaven (Whom
did you hope to meet in heaven?)
 5. Indefinite
Indefinite-used to refer to persons, or things without specifying which ones.
Singular Plural Singular or plural
Another Both Few More
Everything Many Others Any All
Everybody little Several Most None
Anybody much Many need to bring their (Singular verb if mass noun)
Anyone neither books. (Plural verb if count noun)
Anything nobody Everyone has his room.
Each (Many is the antecedent of a. All of the sugar is used.
No one their and both agree in b. None of the men know
Nothing one number, and so with what to do.
Either other everyone that is the
Everyone somebody antecedent of his)
Someone something
Antecedent is the word that was previously used that a particular
represents. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person,
number and gender.

a. If at least one of the antecedents is plural, use the plural pronoun.

1. Either the students or their instructor did their assignment.

b. lf both antecedents are singular and refer to the same person or

thing, use singular pronoun.
1. The photographer and sketcher did not report to his supervisor.

c. If both antecedents are singular and refer to different persons or

things, use plural pronoun.
1. PLT PABLO and PEMS Juan did not receive the money offered to
them by the suspect.
d. Collective nouns are singular when acting as a unit, and plural when
acting independently.
1. The platoon has submitted its surveillance report to the Provincial
Director.
2. The team patrol their respective beats every day.
e. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person.
1. If anybody wants to be wise, he should go with the wise.
2. If you study your lessons wisely, you will pass.
3. If one sows hatred, he will reap destruction.
6. Reflexive
“Reflexive” (add information by pointing back to the subject) and intensive (add
emphasis)
Reflexive: Primo could injure himself. Intensive: I myself need guidance.
My brother Juan and myself usually eat unripe bananas. (wrong)
My brother Juan and I usually eat unripe bananas. (correct)
They invited members of the club and ourselves to join them during Sundays.
(wrong)
They invited members of the club and us to join them during Sundays. (correct)
The police officers made theirselves like crazy clowns during the Panagbenga
Festival. (wrong)
The police officers made themselves like crazy clowns during the Panagbenga
Festival. (correct)
 VERB
A verb is a word that indicates a physical action, a mental action, or a state of
being.

1. Action verbs

a. Physical action talk, laugh, arrest

PLT JUAN arrested the suspect yesterday at Sasson Rd., Baguo City)

b. Mental action-think consider, hope

I hope to be with Jesus Christ after the end of this world.
 VERB
2. Linking verbs, Be-verbs or Helping verbs (am, was, is, are, were, being,
has been). Verbs relating to all five senses of the body are also classified as
linking verbs. (taste, feel, smell, seem remain, stay, grow, become, look,
sound). Included as helping verbs are the modals: can, will, could, would,
shall, should, might, must. These are used to show ability, determination,
possibility, intention, obligation or compulsion.

Ex. She (am, is, are, was, were, being, has been) deployed with the
United Nations Mission in East Timor.
I could (eats, eat, ate, eating, eaten) unripe bananas.
 VERB
3. Phrasal verbs
Call off -. cancel come about - happen
Call on - visit come across - find something by chance
Call up - telephone someone come up - go up
Call for - come get someone come in - enter
Look after - take care of someone give in - surrender
Look into - investigate something give out - distribute
Give away - offer for free break up - separate
Break into - enter by force break out - start to happen
Break down - stop
 VERB

POLICE COLONEL PENOY passed (out, away, by) a while ago

Noun with S --- plural •These pupils go to school every day.
Noun without S -- Singular •This pupil goes to school every morning.
Verb with S - Singular •That banana tastes sweetly.
Verb without S - Plural •Those bananas taste sweetly.

Take note: A plural noun takes a plural verb and a singular noun takes a
singular verb.
 VERB TENSE

Verb Tense indicates the time when the action or condition occurred.

Basic Progressive

Present Past Future Present Past Future Present Past Future Present Past Future
Perfect Perfect Perfect Prog. Prog. Prog. Perfect Perfect Perfect
Prog. Prog Prog.

Do or does Has/ Had Will/ Am/is/ Was/ Will/ Has/ Had Will/
Have done shall are were shallbe have been shall
Did done have doing Doing doing been doing have
done doing been
Will do or shall do
doing
 VERB TENSE

Form/Classification Voice Mood

Regular Irregular Transitive Intransitive Active Passive Indicative Imperative Subjuntive

Hope Eat I eat nuts. Pepe cried Subject as Subject as Used for Used for Used to
incessantly the doer the receiver statement command express
(has object) & question or request ideas
(no object) contrary to
Hoped Ate facts.

Hoped Eaten
Indicative: Juan Tamad stole John's laptop last
night.

Imperative: Pass your papers. (Command)

Kindly help the victims of Yolanda.
(Request)

Active Voice is the better form to use either in speaking or

writing.

Passive Voice can be used when what was done is more

done is more important than the doer of the action.
Subjunctive Rule: Verbs in the that clause are in the
base form even if the subject in the clause is in the third
person singular.

Simple Present tense- encompasses the past, present

and future.

Simple Past tense- indicates that an action terminated in

the past.
Simple Future tense- used to express an action or
condition that will occur. Use the auxiliary verbs shall (for
the first person) or will (for the second and third person)
with the present tense form of the verb.

Present progressive tense: (am/is/are +ing).

Past progressive tense (was/were +ing)

Future Progressive tense (will/shall +ing) or (be +ing +

to)
 Simple Perfect Tense
1. Present Perfect Tense (have has past participle)
is used to denote an action that completed at the time of speaking or writing it is also used
for the duration of an action that began in the past and continued to the present and with
words like always sometimes usually offer wom never, ever, so far, since, during, over for,
not yet, lately, Sally anady, recently ye moming up to now up to the present

a .You have already seen enough of the bloody encounter to form an opinion.
b. Their participation has not yet destroyed the dream of hopeful parents
c. The money has finally arrived
d. I have lived in Baguio City for seven years
 Simple Perfect Tense
2. Past perfect tense (had past participle)
tells of an action completed before another action (usually expressed in the simple past
tense) takes over. This is often associated with conjunctive adverbs like when, before,
after, once, while, as soon as, until, etc.

a. He had apprehended the suspect when he was given the chance.

b. He had elevated the case to the Central Office after the regional unit decided.
c. I had planned to call up the police but I changed my mind.
 Simple Perfect Tense
3. Future Perfect Tense(will/shall have past participle)
tells of the termination of an action definitely in the future. The prepositions "by, by the
time, on, at, when, before" maybe used

a. The suspect shall have resisted arrest by tomorrow.

b. By the time the investigator reaches the crime scene, the bomb shall have exploded.
c.When he retires from the PNP, he will have received almost two million pesos.
d. On July 1, 2020, he will have been 36 years in the PNP service.
I go to Manila by tomorrow (wrong)
I will have gone to Manila by tomorrow (correct)
e. The chiefs of police will have submitted their annual accomplishment reports by
December 2020.
 Perfect Progressive Tense
1. Present Perfect Progressive Tense (has/have +
been+ing)
Uses:
a. Stresses a single past-to-present action that has a beginning and an end.
However, sugges the middle of an event it denotes that the verb is continuing to
the present. It does not occur with words like just, ever, never and finally.

(a) The police officer has been patrolling for over twelve (12) hours.

b. It could also be used for repeated events.

(b) They have been investigating crimes against person every day.
 Perfect Progressive Tense
2. Past Perfect Progressive Tense (had + been + ing)

a. Stresses the duration of one past event taking place before another past
event.

(a) The witnesses had been waiting for eight hours before they were told
that the court hearing was postponed.

b. Emphasizes that one event is completed before another.

(a) The officer had been planning to arrest the suspect when he
unexpectedly surrendered.
 Perfect Progressive Tense
3. Future Perfect Progressive Tense (willshall have +
been + ing)

It stresses duration of an event in the future that takes place before another
future event.

a. The officer will have been patrolling Session Road before the City Mayor
gets there.
 Consistency in the verb tense
If you start out with a verb in a particular tense, you should not chang to a verb in
another tense.

a. The police officer arrested the suspect and inform him of his constitutional rights
(wrong).
b. The police officer arrested the suspect and informed him of his constitutional
rights. (correct).

Take note:
1. The words arrested and informed should be both in the past tense.
2. When you use the conjunction and, the word on the left (arrested) and the word
on the right (informed) should be the same.
THANK YOU!