ALHAMD ISLAMIC

UNIVERSITY

TOPIC : GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTER

STUDENT NAME : JIBRAN AHMED
DEPARTMENT/SEM : 1ST SEM (IR)
SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENT TO : SIR TALAL
1ST GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
(1941-1956):
THE FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTERS WERE DEVELOPED USING VACUUM
TUBES. THEY USED MACHINE LANGUAGE, THE EARLIEST FORM OF COMPUTING
LANGUAGE, AND HAD LIMITED STORAGE CAPACITY AND INPUT/OUTPUT
CAPABILITIES
SOME NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF
FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS ARE
THE ENIAC AND UNIVAC I
 2ND GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
(1956-1963):
• THE SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS REPLACED VACUUM TUBES WITH
TRANSISTORS. TRANSISTORS PROVIDED CHEAPER, FASTER AND MORE
RELIABLE COMPUTING THAN VACUUM TUBES. THEY ALSO USED ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE INSTEAD OF MACHINE LANGUAGE
• NOTABLE EXAMPLES INCLUDE
• IBM 360 AND IBM 702
3RD GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
(1964-1971)
THE THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS WERE THE FIRST TO USE INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS (ICS) INSTEAD OF TRANSISTORS. THIS ALLOWED FOR SMALLER AND
MORE COMPACT MACHINES, AS WELL AS INCREASED COMPUTING POWER AND
MEMORY CAPACITY.
NOTABLE EXAMPLES INCLUDE
IBM SYSTEM/360,
IBM 1130 AND DEC PDP-10.
 4TH GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
•
(1972-1981)
THE FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS USED MICROPROCESSORS TO
REPLACE ICS. THIS ALLOWED EVEN MORE POWERFUL AND EFFICIENT
MACHINES, AS WELL AS THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS
(PCS).
• NOTABLE EXAMPLES INCLUDE APPLE MACINTOSH,
• IBM PC AND DEC VAX-
 5TH GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
(1982-PRESENT)
THE FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS EMPHASIZED THE USE OF PARALLEL
PROCESSING, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI), AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF USER-
FRIENDLY INTERFACES. THIS GENERATION SAW THE EMERGENCE OF EXPERT SYSTEMS,
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING, AND OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING.
ADDITIONALLY, FASTER AND MORE EFFICIENT METHODS OF INPUTTING, OUTPUTTING,
AND STORING DATA WERE DEVELOPED, INCLUDING THE USE OF OPTICAL DISCS.
• FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER EXAMPLES
• INCLUDE QUANTUM COMPUTERS,
• OPTICAL COMPUTERS, NANO-ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS,
• AI COMPUTERS, AND BIO-COMPUTER