UNITED FATEMI

ARASH
SAYED

NATIONS  AND
KHUMA IDZHAZ

ADINA
KALIRAKHMAN

GLOBAL ZHENIS ISABEK

ANEL ESENOVA

CONFLICTS
           AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

 The United Nations is an international institution founded in 1945.

 It is currently made up of 193 Member States. 
 The UN is an association of sovereign states who have bound themselves by a charter to
maintain global peace and security.
 UN is an instrumentality that the victorious nations in Second World War established in
1945 having viewed several high goals and aspirations. 
 The UN is a political experiment on the largest possible scale and of the greatest
complexity and difficulty after WW II in global politics.
 The Delegates of 50 governments convened on April 25, 1945, in the Opera House in San
Francisco, they expected to create a new world organization.
 League of Nations emerged from the First World War, so the United Nations is the
product of the Second World War.
 League of Nations was the brainchild of the President Woodrow Wilson of the US which
was based on 14 points.
 League of Nations was founded in 1919.
 League of Nations lacked the cooperation of some major powers.
 The next major step towards international organization consisted of a joint  declaration by
the adherence of the " Atlantic Charter" .
 Signed by 26 governments, this” Declaration of the  United Nations” stated that the
Atlantic Charter would be viewed as a common program for the allied states.
 Its signatories pledged to give each other full support in the war efforts and not to
conclude a separate peace or armistice.
 Groping towards the details of new international institutions intensified during 1943. The “
Declaration of Moscow” by foreign ministers of the US, UK, and Soviet Union as a
significant step, it was later signed by China.
 The new international organization got a focal point at the “Tehran Conference, in 1943.
This was attended by Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt.
 Today, what We know as the ‘United Nations’, was formulated and approved by the U.S.,
the UK, the USSR, and China.
 —Maintenance of international peace and security
—Development of friendly relations among nations
—International cooperation in solving problems of
economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian character,
     
promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights
      Different organs and fundamental freedom, and 
—Centre for harmonizing the action of nations to achieve
the above ends.
   GENERAL ASSEMBLY
 Every member of the UN has a seat and one vote in the General Assembly. It hold
regular sessions each year between September, and many meet at the other times
in special or emergency session. 
 According to Article 10 of the Charter, the General Assembly may discuss any
matter within scope of the Charter, itself broad constitutional document, or
matters relating to the powers and functions of any other organ including
maintenance of international peace and security, Budgetary matters and admission
of new members etc. 
                   SECURITY COUNCIL
 It has 5 permanent members (P-5) (US, UK, France, Russia, and China) and 10 non-permanent
members.
 Under UN charter, Permanent members have primary responsibility to maintain global peace and
security.
 The Security Council has both conciliatory and coercive powers.
  Article 33 has provided privilege to try to find settlement by means of negotiations, enquiry,
mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, or regional organizations as well as other
peaceful means of their choice.
 Under Chapter VI of the Charter, the Security Council may help in such conciliatory efforts and
may take initiatives in making recommendations for settlements when a dispute is put before it
as an issue that, if not resolved , may threaten to  peace.
 It may recommend provisional measures or move directly to call on member states to apply
diplomatic and economic sanctions (Article 40 and 41). 
 The Veto power –P-5 has veto power
            SECURITY COUNCIL
 It is principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and
recommendation on economic, social and environmental issues.
  It has 54 members, elected by General Assembly for overlapping three years
terms.
 ECOSOC has very broad jurisdiction related to the general welfare, and the
underlying conditions of peace.
 It has power to make recommendations to the UN members, other organizations,,
and to the specialized agencies associated with the UN.
  It reports to the General Assembly annually and send most of its resolutions to
that organ for approval.
 It is also UN’s central platform for reflection, debate, innovative thinking on
sustainable development. 
THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF 
JUSTICE

 International Court of Justice established by the Charter of the

United Nations as the principal judicial organ.
 Its seat is at the Peace Palace in Hague(Netherland).
 It began work in 1946, when it replaced the Permanent Court of
International Justice which had functioned in the Peace Palace
since 1922.
 The Court has dual role: to settle in accordance with international
law the legal disputes submitted to it by states , and to give
advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by duly
authorized international organs and agencies.
 The Court is composed of 15 judges elected to nine years terms
of office by the United  Nations General Assembly and Security
Council  sitting independently of each other.
 Elections are held every three years for one third of the seats. 
 Members of the Court do not represent their government but are
independent magistrates.
 
                      UNESCO
 UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is
specialized agency of the United Nation System that promotes collaboration among
members countries, 
 Its Constitution stated that “Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds
of men that  the defenses of peace must be constructed”.
 The constitution was adopted by London Conference in November 1945, and
entered into effect on the 4th November 1946 when 20 states had deposited
instruments of acceptance. Its headquarters in Paris.
 The main objective of UNESCO  is to contribute to peace and security in the world
by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture, and
communication in order to further  universal respect for justice and rule of law and
for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples
of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion.
PEACE KEEPING, PEACE MAKING,AND
ENFORCEMENT AND PEACE BUILDING  AND
RESPONSBILTY TO PROTECT
 There has been a tacit transition from the concept of collective security, as set out
in Chapter VII of the UN Charter to a more realistic idea of peace keeping. The
idea that conventional military methods or, to put it bluntly, war can be used by or
on behalf of the United Nations to counter aggression and secure peace, seems
now to be rather impractical”.( UN Secretary General U. Thant, 1963).

 The UN represents an attempt to create the most effective instrument ever

designed to maintain international peace and security. Peacekeeping operation
make up part of what Hammarskjold called “preventive diplomacy”.
Peacekeeping involves interventions by the UN in conflicts that were marginal to
Cold War and also continued in the different part of the world after post Cold War
era.
    MAJOR GLOBAL CONFLICTS SINCE WW-II 

 KOREAN WAR
 VIETNAM WAR
 AFGHANISTAN WAR
 BALKANS: SERBIA AND BOSNIA
                       KOREAN WAR

 Korean War (1950-1953)  was the first major armed clash.

 The Invasion of South Korea by North Korea was the first international crisis since the WW-II  and the first
crisis since the United Nations was created.
 The Korean War set the precedent for future disputes and credible future  role of UN.
 UN Security Council passed the  Korean resolution, but China more than USSR encouraged North Korea to
go to war. However, they perceived war differently.
 The Security Council had decided under Article 39 that a breach of the peace had occurred and called
upon North Korea to withdraw its forces.
 But, in reality it was the President Truman planned to send American troops to support South Korea
without approval of Congress.
 China, USSR and US were sending military aid before the UN resolution. US  was sending more aid  to
South Korea  than  USSR and China  together .
 Resolution was passed due to Britain and France supported to US. but China, North Korea and US were
really pro war.
 It is interesting facts that USSR did not veto the UN resolution calling for measures against Korea,
especially Stalin did not war(Khruschchev claimed later) . This shows that his contempt for the UN was
greater than his desire to avoid war.
 The Soviet Union and US were already supplying Korea before resolution was passed. therefore, situation
was very dangerous because of this ,and as the League of Nation had proved the international
organization was not important for countries!
                 VIETNAM WAR
 The Vietnam war was the longest and most unpopular war.
 The Vietnam war was protracted and bloody. The Hanoi govt. estimates that in 21 years of
fighting , 4 million civilian killed across North and South Vietnam, and 1.1 million
Communist fighter died.
 The period that American refers  to as the “Vietnam War” – and Vietnamese  calls the
“American War” –was the US military interventions  from 1965 to 1973.
 U.S was driven by Cold War concerns  about the ideological pattern of  communism,
particularly “Domino Theory” – idea that if one Asian nation fell to the leftist ideology,
others would quickly follow.
 The  resolution  was never passed on  Vietnam War in UN Security Council, as both China
and US has no respect for UN.
            AFGHANISTAN WAR
 Afghanistan hit world headlines in 1979. 
 Russian paratroops landed in Kabul on 25 th December 1979, installing puppet regime.
 Babrak Kamal installed as ruler, backed by USSR. But, opposition intensifies with various
mujahedeen fighting Soviet forces.
 US, China, Pakistan, Iran and Saudi Arabia supply money and arms to mujahedeen in
Afghanistan in early1980s.
 U.S begins supplying ‘Stinger Missiles’ to rebel mujahedeen, enabling them to shoot down Soviet
helicopter gunships. Barack Kamal replaced by Najibullah as head of Soviet backed regime. 
 UN Security Council consider a response to Soviet intervention, but draft resolution was not
passed ,because USSR used ‘Veto’ in early 1980.
 UN General Assembly  held  an Emergency Special Session  on Afghnaistan from 10th January to
14 January 1980.
     BALKANS:  SERBIA  AND BOSNIA
 The former Yugoslavia was torn by a brutal war (1991-1995) between the different ethnic
groups contending for dominance in a post-Communist world.
 It was civil war between Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, and Muslim Bosnics.
 The War started because  the Bosnian Croats  wanted to live in Croatia, the Bosnian
Muslims  in a sovereign Bosnia, and the Bosnian Serbs in Serbia, the number of people in
each ethnic group that wanted and wants otherwise is negligible.
 The failure of the UN  to stop killing  in Bosnia seriously compromised  its credibility as its
50th anniversary in 1995.
 The UN already had UNPROFOR (United Nation Protection Force)  troops in Sarajevo at
the outset of war because it was their base of operation for the UN mission in Croatia
  The UN is numeri uno institution in global politics. The global
scenario has changed after Cold War in international relations. 
 Change is inevitable process. Reforms is essential part of growth
and dynamic process of any credible global institutions
UNO:  The objectives of UN is the global cooperation. There is big scope
for democratic reforms and revitalization of UN system in 21st
REFORMS 
century.
The attitudes of great powers i.e. P-5  need to be considered
AND because whether the reforms involve formal charter amendments,
the P-5 votes in Security Council count.

PROCESS OF   The quest for efficiency, viability and cost effectiveness has been a
continuing process from the very inception of the UN system. 

REFORMS   The Demand for reforms and reorganization is need of hour in the
era of interdependence  and interconnected world in 21st  century
  The UN accomplishes this by working to prevent conflict,
helping parties in conflict make peace, deploying
peacekeepers, and creating the conditions to allow
peace to hold and flourish. These activities often overlap
and should reinforce one another, to be effective.
                 CONCLUSION 
THANK YOU