Indian HealthCare Systems

Subject- Health Services and Development

Pharmaceutical management 1st Year

Department of Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Management,
Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi
Presented To-
Dr. Mohd Faisal Khan
Presented By-
 RAJVEERA SINGH  SAMEER KHAN
 RASHI JOSHI  SAMRA FATIMA
 RISHABH AGARWAL  SANSKRITI SAHU
 RIYA MANORI  SAYED SHAHZILL RAZA ZAIDI
 SAMAR HUSSAIN  WARDAH IMAM
 SAMEER HUSSAIN
 CONTENT

 INDIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

 VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF INDIAN
HEALTHCARE SERVICES
 HEALTH MANPOWER
 HEALTH POLICIES
 HEALTH PROGRAMME
 FIVE-YEAR PLAN
INDIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Sequence of our journey will be:
 
INTRODUCTION

INFRASTRUCTURE

ADMINISTRATION

OBJECTIVES

ACHIEVEMENT

PROBLEMS

SOLUTIONS.
A HEALTH SYSTEM is the sum total of all organisations, institutions and resources – whose primary purpose is to
improve health.
OBJECTIVES:
• Improve health status of India
• Reduce economic burden of illness.
• Improve of experience of care.
CHARACTERISTICS:
• Orientation toward health
• Population perspective
• Knowledge of treatment outcome
• Coordination of resources
• Growing interdependence
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE IN INDIA

Central level State level District level

 CENTRAL LEVEL

Union ministry of health and Director general of health The central council of health
family welfare services and family welfare

Consists of 2 departments: Principal adviser in medical and Setup by presidential order on 9th august 1952.
1. dept. of health public health matter Chairman-union health minister
2. Dep. Of family welfare Three main links: Member- state health minister
Functions: 1.Medical care and hospital Functions:
3. Union list 2. Public health 1. Maintain cooperation btw central and state
4. Concurrent list 3. General administration healthcare
2. Recommendation regarding distribution of aid
STATE LEVEL
The state health administration was started in 1919.

State ministry of
State health directorate
health

Health secretory Functional deputy director regional deputy director

Functions: Functions:
1. Policy making 1. Adequate medial care
2. Execution of policy 2. Medical education and research
 DISTRICT LEVEL

Community Municipality
Subdivision Tehsil villages panchayat
development blocks cooperation

PANCHAYATI RAJ:
3 tier structure of rural local self got.
• Link village to district
• Gram panchayat at village level
• Panchayat samite at block level
• Zillah parishad at district level
 INFRASTRUCTURE

Indian Healthcare Systems

Public

Rural Urban
THREE TIER OF INDIAN HEALTH SUPER SPECIALITY REFERRAL
SYSTEM HOSPITALS

PRIMARY LEVEL SPECIAL DISEASE HOSPITAL

SECONDARY LEVEL DISTRICT HOSPITAL

GOVERNMENT MEDICAL
TERTIARY LEVEL COLLEGES
ADMINISTRATION OF INDIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Parliament of India

Government of India

Ministry of health and family welfare

State Health Minister

Health secretary
Additional Secretaries

Joint Secretaries

District Magistrate

Chief Medical Officer

 OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH CARE SCHEMES BY GOVERNMENT
 To reduce maternal, infant and neo-natal mortality rate.

 To offer insurance for death by accident for laborer.

 To provide health insurance to people who are suffering from chronic illness.

 To reduce anemia in women of age 15 to 49.

 They are aiming at early identification of 4 D’s and providing health care facilities to
children from birth till 18 years.
 To provide health care facilities to the farmer and people who are below poverty
line.
 To improve hospital service at the primary, secondary, tertiary level in terms of
infrastructure, drug, personnel.
 ACHIVEMENTS OF INDIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

 Eradication of small pox, Polio.

 Increase life expectancy.

 Improved immunization.

 Enhancing safety in healthcare.

 Boosting access to medicines.

 Strengthening community health.

 Development of vaccine during this pandemic.

 PROBLEMS FACED BY INDIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

 WHO recommends 1 doctor per 1000 patient but India has 1 doctor per 11000 patient. This
mismatch is area of serious concern.
 Unmanageable patient load.
 Lack of awareness of public health among the masses of India.
 High out-of-pocket expenditure remains a stress factor.
 Lack of infrastructure
 Need to increase the diagnosing potential.
 Cost and transparency.
 People’s dependency towards social media.
 SOLUTIONS
 Caring out campaigns to educate masses on public health.

 Establishing new medical colleges.

 Using innovative and effective technologies.

 Enhancing the infrastructure.

 Maintenance of proper database.

 Increasing diagnosing facilities.

 Cost and transparency.

 Rebuild good relationship between doctors and patients.

 Health Manpower
Introduction:
o Health manpower means people who are trained to promote health, to prevent and cure disease
and to rehabilitate the sick. Health manpower includes, Those health workers who are already
working in the field of health services. Prospective health workers, i.e., those who are receiving
education and training that will prepare them for employment in the health sector .
 Evolution of health manpower norms in India
 Bhore committee 1946 : Each PHC- 40,000 population should have 2 Medical officers, 4 PHNs,
1Nurse, 4 midwives, 4 trained dais, 2 health assistants, 1 pharmacist and 15 other class four
employees.
 Kartar Singh Committee 1974): one male and female health worker each for 3,000 - 3,500
population at the grassroots, i.e. within a distance of less than 5 kilometres.
 Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) (2007, 2012): 1 Sub centre: 3000-5000 with 2 health
worker( M& F) 1 PHC: 20000- 30000 with 3 medical officer, 1 AYUSH practitioner, and 20
other staff 1 CHC: 80000-100000 with 5 specialist doctors 1 public health manager, 1 dental
surgeon, 6 GDMO 1 AYUSH Specialist and 1GDMO AYUSH and 64 other staff.
Current status of Health manpower
 Health man power in some countries Country Doctors per 10000 population Nurses/midwives per
10000 population Health workers (Doctor, nurses/ midwives) per 10000 population India 7 17.1 24.1
Germany 38.9 114.9 153.8 UK 28.1 88 116.1 Qatar 77.4 118.7 196.1 Pakistan 8.3 5.7 14 Niger 0.2
1.4 1.6 Bangladesh 3.2 2.2 5.4 China 14.9 16.6 31.5 Sri lanka 6.8 16.4 23.2 Source: World Health
Statistics2015.
 The country is producing annually, on an average 31, 298 allopathic doctors, India has the largest
number of medical colleges in the world, with an annual production of over 30,000 doctors and
18,000 specialists, The country has 412 medical colleges(212 PVT. + 200 govt.) with total intake
capacity of 52175(24995pvt + 27180 )
 India’s average annual output is 100 graduates per medical college, The availability of one doctor per
population of 1319 with a nurse/ ANM availability of 2.4 per doctor, We are still far from the WHO
norms of one doctor per 1,000 population and 3 nurses /ANMs per doctor, World Health Organization
endorsed threshold of 23 workers per 10000 [WHO]. World Health Statistics 2015. Geneva: WHO;
2015. *source: medical council of India website Current status of Doctor
 Current status of Doctor: There is huge expansion of medical colleges across the country since 1990
to meet the demand of doctors Most of pvt. Medical college are located in southern states of india.
Yogesh Sabde, Vishal Diwan, Ayesha De Costa, and Vijay K Mahadik. Mapping the rapid expansion
of India’s medical education sector: planning for the future.
 Types of Health Manpower

1. Lab technicians Radiographer

2. Doctors(Allopathic and AYUSH)
3. Nurse, Pharmacists
4. ANM ASHA , Anganwadi worker , Trained Dai
5. Health inspectors, health educator, OT assistant, dieticians etc
 Health policies
INTRODUCTION

Today, India’s healthcare industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors and it is expected to reach $280 billion
by 2020.
Some major initiatives undertaken by the Govt which aim at providing accessible, cost-friendly and quality
healthcare services to the majority of the citizens along with providing a holistic view of the health system in
the country are:
.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)
Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) also known as Medicare, was launched in September 2018,
aiming to provide health insurance worth Rs 500,000 to over 100 million families every year.
In August 2018, the Government of India approved Ayushman Bharat-National Health Protection Mission as
a centrally Sponsored Scheme contributed by both center and state govt. It aims at covering over 10 crore
poor and vulnerable families providing coverage up to 5 lakh rupees per family per year for secondary and
tertiary care hospitalization. Under the Ayushman Bharat program, nearly 1.5 lakh primary health centers will
be transformed as health and wellness centers by 2022. These centers will be equipped to provide treatment
and care for several diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, and old age-related illnesses.

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Key Features of PM-JAY
• PM-JAY is the world’s largest health insurance/ assurance scheme fully financed by the government.
• It provides a cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization across public and private
empaneled hospitals in India.
• Over 10.74 crore poor and vulnerable entitled families are eligible for these benefits.
• PM-JAY provides cashless access to health care services for the beneficiary at the point of service, that is, the hospital.
• It covers up to 3 days of pre-hospitalization and 15 days post-hospitalization expenses such as diagnostics and medicines.
• There is no restriction on the family size, age or gender.
• Benefits of the scheme are portable across the country i.e. a beneficiary can visit any empaneled public or private hospital in
India to avail cashless treatment.
• Services include approximately 1,393 procedures covering all the costs related to treatment, including but not limited to
drugs, supplies, diagnostic services, physician's fees, room charges, surgeon charges, OT and ICU charges etc.
• Public hospitals are reimbursed for the healthcare services at par with the private hospitals.

Another important mission undertaken is Mission Indradhanush (launched in December 2014) which aims to achieve at
least 90% full immunization coverage of India and sustain the same by the year 2020. The ultimate goal here is to ensure
full immunization with all available vaccines for children up to two years of age and pregnant women in both rural and
urban areas.
The Government has identified 201 high focus districts across 28 states in the country that have the highest number of
partially immunized and unimmunized children.
Earlier the increase in full immunization coverage was 1% per year which has increased to 6.7% per year through the first
two phases of Mission Indradhanush. Four phases of Mission Indradhanush have been conducted till August 2017 and
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more than 2.53 crore children and 68 lakh pregnant women have been vaccinated.
 NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY (1983)
India had its first National Health Policy in 1983 i.e. 36 years after independence. The Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, Govt. of India, evolved a National Health Policy in 1983 till 2002.
The policy lays stress on the preventive, promotive, public health and rehabilitation aspects of health care. The
policy stresses the need of establishing comprehensive primary health care services to reach the population in the
remote area of the country.

KEY ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 1983:-

o Creation of greater awareness of health problems in the community and means to solve the problems by the
community.
o Supply of safe drinking water and basic sanitation using technologies that people can afford.
o Reduction of existing imbalance in health services by concentrating more on the rural health infrastructure.
o Establishing of dynamic health management information system to support health planning and health program
implementation.
o Provision of legislative support to health protection and promotion.
o Concerned actions to combat wide spread malnutrition.
o Research in alternative method of health care delivery and low cost health technologies.
• NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY (2002)

o A revised health policy for achieving better health care and unmet goals has been brought out by government of India-
National Health Policy 2002. According to this revised policy, government and health professionals are obligated to render
good health care to the society.
o Optimizing the use of health service to a large group rather than a small group is a foreseen event by the NHP 2002. Inclusion
of social policies adds to the credit of the revised NHP 2002.
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY (2017)

The primary aim of the National Health Policy, 2017, is to inform, clarify, strengthen and prioritize the role of the Government
in shaping health systems in all its dimensions- investments in health, organization of healthcare services, prevention of
diseases and promotion of good health through cross sectoral actions, access to technologies, developing human resources,
encouraging medical pluralism, building knowledge base, developing better financial protection strategies, strengthening
regulation and health assurance.

National Health Policy-2017 also identifies priority areas for improving the environment for health. These priority areas
needing coordinated action include:
o The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
o Balanced, healthy diets and regular exercises.
o Addressing tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse
o Reduced stress and improved safety in the work place
o Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution
 Health Programmes
Health programs are education and treatment programs available typically to individuals who are living
in poverty and/or do not have health insurance coverage.

The Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY)

Introduction
• It aims at correcting the imbalances in the availability of affordable healthcare facilities in the
different parts of the country in general and facilities for quality medical education in the under-
served States in particular. The scheme was approved in March 2006.
• The first phase in the PMSSY has two components: setting up of six institutions in the line of
AIIMS; and upgradation of 13 existing Government medical college institutions.
• In the second phase of PMSSY, the Government has approved the setting up of two more AIIMS-
like institutions, one each in the States of West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh and upgradation of six
medical college institutions namely Government Medical Colleges of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Aligarh, and Rohtak.
• In the third phase of PMSSY, it is proposed to upgrade the following existing medical college Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, and Bihar.
Benefits to individuals:
•Encouraging medical tourism
•Boost in Health infrastructure
•Augmenting medical and nursing education
•Creating job opportunities for the next five years
•Improving health outcomes and improving healthcare access

National Health Mission

Introduction:
• National Health Mission (NHM) was launched by the government of India in 2013 including the
National Rural Health Mission and National Urban Health Mission. Main programmatic components
include Health System Strengthening in rural and urban areas for - Reproductive-Maternal- Neonatal-
Child and Adolescent Health and Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases.

The vision is to provide accessible, affordable and quality universal health care, both preventive and
curative, which would be accountable and at the same time responding to the needs of the people.
Objectives:

• Reduction of infant mortality and maternal mortality.

• Universal access to public health services such as women’s health, child health,

drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, nutrition and universal immunization.

• Prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases.

• Population stabilization, gender & demographic balance.

• Access to integrated comprehensive primary health care.

• Promotion of healthy lifestyles.

 Ayushman Bharat Yojana
• Ayushman Bharat or “Healthy India” is a national initiative launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the part of
National Health Policy 2017.
• This initiative has been designed on the lines as to meet SDG and its underlining commitment, which is “leave no one
behind”.
• Ayushman Bharat adopts a continuum of care approach, comprising of two inter-related components, which are -
1. Establishment of Health and Wellness Centres
2. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)

1) Establishment of Health and Wellness Centres–The first component, pertains to creation of 1,50,000 Health and
Wellness Centres which will bring health care closer to the homes of the people.
2) Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) –PM-JAY is one significant step towards achievement of Universal
Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goal - 3 (SDG3).It aims to provide health protection cover to poor
and vulnerable families against financial risk arising out of catastrophic health episodes
• Beneficiary Level -
1. Government provides health insurance cover of up to Rs. 5,00,000 per family per year.
2. More than 10.74 crore poor and vulnerable families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) covered across the country.
3. Priority to girl child, women and senior citizens.
4. Free treatment available at all public and private hospitals in times of need.
 Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)
• Introduction
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India has formulated the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission with
the aim to provide the necessary support for the integration of digital health infrastructure in the country. This visionary
initiative, stemming from the National Health Policy, 2017 intends to digitize healthcare in India.
• Vision
Its vision is to create a national digital health ecosystem that supports universal health coverage in an efficient, accessible,
inclusive, affordable, timely and safe manner and a seamless online platform through the provision of a wide range of data.
• Guiding principles
The ABDM has been designed, developed, deployed, operated and maintained by the Government following the guiding
principles as laid out in National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB).
• ABDM Components
1. Health ID
2. Healthcare Professionals Registry (HPR)
3. Health Facility Registry (HFR)
4. Personal Health Records (PHR)
 FIVE YEAR PLAN
• The five year plans were conceived to re-build rural India, to lay the foundations of
industrial progress and to secure the balanced development of all parts of the
country. Recognising “health” as an important contributory factor in the utilization
of manpower and the uplifting of the economic condition of the country, the
Planning Commission gave considerable importance to health programmes in the
five year plans.
• The economy of India is based in part on planning through five year plans, which
are developed, executed and monitored by the planning commission.
• In 1950, the planning commission was constituted to help government to plan out
the development plan for the entire country within the available resources for a
defined period of five years for its socio-economic progress.
• The planning commission has been responsible for “five year plans”.
OBJECTIVES
The broad objectives of the health programmes during the five year plans
have been:
• Control or eradication of major communicable diseases
• Strengthening of the basic health services through the establishment of
primary health centres and subcentres
• Population control
• Development of health manpower resources
• Development of indigenous system of medicines
• Improvement of environment sanitation.
• Drugs control.
First five year plan (1951-1956)
• The first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the first five year
plan to the parliament of India on 8 December 1951.
• The aim of first five year plan was to fight against diseases, malnutrition, and
unhealthy environment and to build up health services for population and for
mothers and children in order to improve general health status of people
• Major developments were:-
1. BCG vaccination programme to prevent and control tuberculosis was
launched.
2. National family planning programme was launched.
3. National malaria control programme was launched.
Second five year plan(1956-1961)
• The aim of second five year plan was expand existing health services
to bring them within in the reach of all people so as to promote
progressive improvement of nation’s health.
• The major developments are:-
1. Tuberculosis chemotherapy centre setup at Chennai.
2. Pilot project of small pox eradication were started
3. The nutrition advisory committee was formed to render advice on nutrition
policies
4. The leprosy advisory committee of the govt. of India was launched.
Third five year plan( 1961-1966)
• The aim were pertaining to institutional facilities specially in rural areas,
shortage of trained personnel and supplies, lack of safe drinking water in
rural areas and inadequate drainage system.
• Major developments were:-
1. National small pox eradication and national goitre control program was
launched.
2. The applied nutrition program was started by govt. of India with support of
UNICEF, WHO and FAO.
3. BCG vaccination without Tuberculin Test was introduced on house to house
basis.
4. School healthcare program was started.
 Plan Holidays (1966–1969)

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Fourth five year plan(1969-1974)
• The aim of this plan was to strengthen primary heath center network
in the rural areas for undertaking preventive, curative family planning
services and to take over the maintenance phase of communicable
diseases.
• Major developments were:-
1. The population council of India was setup
2. Registration act of birth and death came into force
3. Medical termination of pregnancy was implemented.
4. The family pension scheme for industrial workers was introduced.
Fifth five year plan(1974-1979)
• The aim was to provide minimum level of well integrated heath, MCH
and FP, nutrition and immunization services to all the people with
especial reference to vulnerable groups especially children, pregnant
women and nursing mother.
• Major developments were:-
1. India became small pox free on 5th July 1975.
2. Integrated child development scheme was launched on 3rd October 1975.
3. The “goal of health for all” was adopted by WHO.
4. Extented program of immunization was started.
Sixth five year plan(1980-1985)
• The main aim was to workout alternative strategy and plan of action
for primary health care as a part of national heath system which is
accessible to all section of society and especially those living in tribal
hilly, remote rural areas and urban slums.
• Major developments were:-
1. The control of pollution act of 1981 was enacted.
2. The national health policy was approved by the parliament.
3. WHO declared eradication of small pox from the world.
Seventh five year plan(1985-1989)
• The main objective was to plan and provide primary health care and
medical services to all with special consideration of vulnerable groups
• Major developments were:-
1. National AIDS control program was started
2. National Diabetes control program was launched.
3. High power committee on nursing and nursing profession was setup by the
govt. of India.
4. The universal immunization program was launched on 19th November 1985.

Year 1989-1991 was a period of political instability in India and hence no five year plan was
implemented.
Between year 1990 and 1992, there were only annual plans.
Eight five year plan(1992-1997)
• The main aim of this plan was to continue reorganization and
strengthening of health infrastructure and medical services accessible to
all especially vulnerable groups.
• Major developments were:-
1. Child survival safe motherhood programme (CSSM) was started
2. First pulse polio immunization programme for children under 3 years was
organized on 2nd October 1994 and 4th December 1994 by Delhi govt.
3. Transplantation of human organs act was enacted in the year 1995.
4. The infant milk substitute and infant foods act 1952 came in to operation.
Ninth five year plan(1997-2002)
• The main aim was same as in eight five year plan, in addition
reduction of infant mortality rate and reduction of maternal mortality
rate.
• Major developments were:-
1. Arranging funds for the female health workers at subcenters.
2. Giving more importance to RCH (Reproductive and child health)
3. Guinea worm disease was eradicated.
Tenth five year plan(2002-2007)
• The main target was reduction of IMR to 45 per 1000 live births by
2007 and to 28 by 2012 and reduction of MMR to 2 per 1000 live
birth by 2007 and to 1 by 2012.
• Major developments ere:-
1. Set targets to control diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria and
blindness etc.
2. Services under control programme free of cost
3. Emergency life saving services
Eleventh five year plan(2007-2012)
• The main goal was reducing maternal mortality ratio, infant mortality
rate and total fertility rate.
• Reducing malnutrition among children and reducing anemia among
women and girls by 50%.
• The thrust areas to be pursued during the 11th five year plan are:
1. NRHM
2. NUHM
 National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on
12th April 2005, to provide accessible, affordable and quality health care to the rural population,
especially the vulnerable groups. The Union Cabinet vide its decision dated 1st May 2013, has
approved the launch of National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) as a Sub-mission of an over-
arching National Health Mission (NHM), with National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) being
the other Sub-mission of National Health Mission.
 
 NATIONAL URBAN HEALTH MISSION
(NUHM) (NEW SCHEME)

 The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) as a sub-mission of National Health Mission
(NHM) has been approved by the Cabinet on 1st May 2013.

 NUHM envisages to meet health care needs of the urban population with the focus on urban
poor, by making available to them essential primary health care services and reducing their
out of pocket expenses for treatment. This will be achieved by strengthening the existing
health care service delivery system, targeting the people living in slums and converging with
various schemes relating to wider determinants of health like drinking water, sanitation,
school education, etc. implemented by the Ministries of Urban Development, Housing &
Urban Poverty Alleviation, Human Resource Development and Women & Child
Development.
 
NUHM would endeavour to achieve its goal through:-

i) Need based city specific urban health care system to meet the diverse health care needs of the urban poor and
other vulnerable sections.
ii) Institutional mechanism and management systems to meet the health-related challenges of a rapidly growing
urban population.
iii) Partnership with community and local bodies for a more proactive involvement in planning, implementation,
and monitoring of health activities.
iv) Availability of resources for providing essential primary health care to urban poor.
v) Partnerships with NGOs, for profit and not for profit health service providers and other stakeholders.

 NUHM would cover all State capitals, district headquarters and cities/towns with a population of more than
50000. It would primarily focus on slum dwellers and other marginalized groups like rickshaw pullers, street
vendors, railway and bus station coolies, homeless people, street children, construction site workers.
 The centre-state funding pattern will be 75:25 for all the States except North-Eastern states including Sikkim
and other special category states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, for whom the
centre-state funding pattern will be 90:10.The Programme Implementation Plans (PIPs) sent by the by the
states are apprised and approved by the Ministry.
12th five year plan (2011-2017)
• The main aim was:
1. Strengthening of public sector health care
2. Substantially increase in health care expenditure
3. Prescription drugs reform
4. Effective regulation through a public health cadre.
 NITI AAYOG
• Government of India has established NITI AAYOG (National Institution
for transforming India) to replace planning commission on 1st January
2015.
• It will seek to provide a critical directional and strategic input into the
development process.
• NITI Aayog will provide govt. at the central and state levels with
relevant strategic and technical advice.
• NITI Aayog will monitor and evaluate the implementation of
programmes and focus on technology upgradation and capacity
building.