GAS TURBINE POWER ME161P -

POWER PLANT
PLANT DESIGN WITH
RENEWABLE ENERGY

WEEK 7
1T/2022-2023

Prepared by:
Engr. Manuel B. Rustria
9/26/2022
26 September 2022 1
 Objectives
 Define gas turbine power plant and state its applications.
 Analyze the performance of a gas turbine power plant.
 Solve problems involving gas turbines.

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 Gas Turbine Power
Plant

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 Introduction
 A gas turbine power plant is a facility that uses a gas turbine as the prime
mover for driving electric generator for power generation.
 Because of its low weight per unit power, gas turbine is exclusively used to
drive aviation system of all kinds of aircraft.
 It is also being increasingly used in land
vehicles like buses and trucks and also to
drive locomotives and marine ships.
 In oil and gas industries, the gas turbine is widely employed to drive
auxiliaries like compressors, blowers and pumps.
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 Closed Cycle and Open Cycle
 The essential components
of a gas turbine (GT) power Plants
plant are
 the compressor,
 the combustion
chamber (CC) and
 the turbine
 The air standard cycle of a
GT plant

is the Brayton
cycle.
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 Closed Cycle and Open Cycle
Plants
 A GT plant can either be open or closed.
 Fig. 11.38 shows the arrangement of an open cycle plant which is more
common, where the combustion products after doing work in the turbine
are exhausted to atmosphere.
 In a closed cycle plant (Fig. 11.39), the working fluid (air, helium, argon,
carbon dioxide, etc.) is externally heated (by burning fuel or by nuclear
reactor) and cooled and it operates in a closed cycle.

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 Closed Cycle and Open Cycle
Plants

Fig. 11.38
Arrangement of an
open cycle gas turbine
plant
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 Closed Cycle and Open Cycle
Plants

Fig. 11.38
Arrangement of
an open cycle gas
turbine plant
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Closed Cycle
and Open
Cycle Plants

Fig.9/26/2022
11.39 Closed cycle gas turbine plant 9
 Advantages of a GT Plant
1. Warm up time Once the turbine is brought up to the rated speed by the
starting motor and the fuel is ignited, the GT will accelerate from cold start
to full load without warmup time.
2. Low weight and size The weight of the plant per kW output is low, which
is a favorable feature in all vehicles (land, air and sea). In utilities also, the
foundation of the plant is lighter.
3. Fuel flexibility Any hydrocarbon fuel from high octane gasoline to heavy
diesel oil and pulverized coal can be used effectively.
4. Floor space Because of its smaller size, the floor space required for its
installation is less.

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 Advantages of a GT Plant
5. Start-up and shut-down A GT plant can be started up as well as shut
down quickly, like a diesel engine. Thus it is eminently suitable to meet
the peak load demand of a certain region.
6. High efficiency Suitable blade cooling permits the use of high GT inlet
temperature (as high as 1300°C) yielding a high thermal efficiency (on the
order of 37%).
7. Combined cycle mode A GT plant can be used in conjunction with a
bottoming steam plant in the combined cycle mode to yield an overall
fuel-to-electricity efficiency of 55%.
8. Cooling water The requirement of cooling water is not much. Water
availability is not a restriction for installing a GT plant.

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 Advantages of a GT Plant
9. Ash disposal In a thermal power station ash disposal from the site poses a
serious problem. This is not so in GT power plant.
10. Transmission loss It can be located at the load center itself. Therefore,
the transmission loss is minimal in such a plant.
11. Cost of installation The installation cost is much less compared to a
thermal plant. Only foundation is required. The plant comes from the
factory to the site, almost fully assembled.
12. Scope of cogeneration GT exhaust can be used to produce process heat
for various uses.
13. Low capital cost GT plants are available in standard sizes. The capital cost
per kW is considerably less than a thermal plant.

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 Disadvantages of a GT Plant
1. Part load efficiency is low.
2. Highly sensitive to component efficiency like C and T.
3. The efficiency depends on the ambient condition (pa and Ta).
4. High air rate is required to limit the maximum GT inlet temperature, as a
result of which the exhaust losses are high, unless the waste heat in it is
utilized.
5. Compressor work required is quite large, which tells upon the efficiency of
the plant.
6. Air and gas filters have to be of very high quality so that no dust enters to
erode and corrode turbine blades.

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 Analysis of GT Plant
 The salient features of the Brayton cycle are given below. This is in
reference to Fig. 11.40.
Heat supplied, Q1 = ma cp (T3 – T2)
Heat rejected, Q2 = ma cp (T4 – T1)

T2s/T1 = T3/T4s = [(p2/p1)(γ – 1)/γ = rp(γ – 1)/γ 11.12

where ma = mass of air and rp is the pressure ratio, p2/p1.

 The isentropic compressor efficiency, C =(T2S – T1)/(T2 – T1), and the
isentropic turbine efficiency, T = (T3 – T4)/T3 – T4s).
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 Analysis of GT Plant

Fig. 11.40 Brayton cycle

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 Analysis of GT Plant
 For the ideal cycle 1 – 2s – 3 – 4s – 1,

11.13

 As rp increases cycle increases till Carnot cycle is reached (Fig. 11.41).

11.14

 There is a particular value of rp when Wnet, i.e. WT – WC becomes

maximum (Fig. 11.42).
11.15

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 Analysis of GT Plant

Fig. 11.41 Variation of

cycle efficiency with rp.
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 Analysis of GT Plant

Fig. 11.42 Variation of net

cycle work with rp.
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 Analysis of GT Plant
 Substituting T2s and T4s in terms of rp (Eq. 11.12) and since T3 (= Tmax) and
T1 (= Tmin) are fixed, on differentiation of Wnet with respect to rp and
making dWnet/drp equal to zero, then
11.16

11.17

 Our substitution in Eq. (11.14).

11.18

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 Analysis of GT Plant
and
11.19

 If the compressor and turbine efficiencies are considered,

11.20

and

11.21

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 Analysis of GT Plant
 The work ratio rw is defined as the ratio of net work to work done in
turbine, i.e.
11.22

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 Analysis of GT Plant
Effect of regeneration
 The exhaust temperature of gas leaving the turbine (TA) is usually quite
high.
 The exhaust gas from the GT can be utilized to preheat the air at
temperature T2 before it goes out to the CC (Fig. 11.43). This is called
regeneration and the regenerator effectiveness ϵ is defined as follows.

11.23

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 Analysis of GT Plant
Effect of regeneration
 Here, Q1 = macp(T3 – T5) and Q2 = macp(T6 – T1), both of which decrease,
whereas Wnet, i.e. (WT – WC) remains unchanged due to regeneration.
 Therefore, the efficiency of the cycle, Wnet/Q1, increases.
 In practice, the regenerator is costly, heavy and bulky and causes
pressure losses which may bring about a decrease in cycle efficiency.
 These factors have to be balanced against the gain in efficiency to decide
whether it is worthwhile to use the regenerator.

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 Analysis of GT Plant

Fig. 11.43 Effect of regeneration

on cycle efficiency
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 Analysis of GT Plant
Effect of intercooling
 By staging the compression process (1-2 and 3-4) with perfect
intercooling (2-3), the cycle efficiency decreases, as shown in Fig. 11.44,
where the small cycle 1-2-3-4-4-1 is added to the basic cycle 1-4-5-6-1,
without intercooling.
 However, it permits more heat recovery from hot gases exiting the
turbine at state 6 by heating air leaving the compressor at state 4.
 For minimum work of compression, the intercooler pressure

p1 = [p1p2]1/2, where p1 and p2 are suction and discharge pressures

respectively.
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 Analysis of GT Plant

Fig. 11.44 Effect of

intercooling on Brayton cycle
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 Analysis of GT Plant
Effect of reheating
 Similarly, by staging the heat supply process with a combustor and a
reheater, the cycle efficiency decreases, but it permits more heat
recovery from the turbine exhaust gases (Fig. 11.45) (since T6 > T4), with
the result that reheating along with regeneration may bring about an
improvement in cycle efficiency.
 It can be shown that the optimum reheat pressure for maximum work is
11.24

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 Analysis of GT Plant

Fig. 11.45 Effect of reheat on

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Brayton cycle 28
 Analysis of GT Plant
Effect of reheating
 Figure 11.46 (a) and (b) shows the flow and T–s diagrams of a GT plant
with intercooling, reheating and regeneration.

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 Analysis of GT Plant

C1 C2 T1 T2

Fig. 11.46 11.24

Brayton cycle
with intercooling,
reheat and
regeneration
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 Analysis of GT Plant

Fig. 11.46 Brayton cycle with

intercooling, reheat and
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regeneration 31
 Analysis of GT Plant
Effect of reheating
 The network of a GT plant is given by
Wnet = WT – WC
11.25
= (ḿa + ḿf)cpg (T3 – T4) – ḿa cpa (T2 – T1)

and the heat supply is

Q1 = ḿf × CV
 Therefore, the overall plant efficiency,

11.26

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 Semi-closed Cycle Gas Turbine
Plant
 The advantages of the open cycle plant, viz. quick and easy starting and
the closed cycle plant, viz. constant efficiency at all loads and higher unit
rating permitting the use of higher back pressure, are combined in a
semi-closed cycle gas turbine power plant.
 Here, part of the compressed air is heated by the gases exiting the
combustion chamber (CC) and then expanded in an air turbine which
drives the compressor, thus operating in a closed cycle.
 The remaining air is used in the CC to burn fuel, and the combustion
products after heating the air atmosphere (Fig. 11.47a)

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Semi-closed
Cycle Gas
Turbine Plant

Fig. 11.47 (a) Semi-closed cycle gas

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 Semi-closed Cycle Gas Turbine
Plant
 Figure 11.47 (b) shows a combined combustion chamber and a heat
exchanger, where hot gases of combustion leave to expand in the gas
turbine in the open cycle and the heated air flows to the air turbine in the
closed cycle.

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 Semi-closed Cycle Gas Turbine
Plant

Fig. 11.47 (b) Combined

combustion chamber and air
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 Performance of Gas Turbine

 Power Plant
The gas turbine plant works under variable load conditions.
It is thus necessary to study the effect of load on the cycle efficiency which
is directly concerned with the running cost of the plant.
 It is necessary to study the effect of pressure ratio on the thermal
efficiency, air mass flow and specific fuel consumption with regenerative
reheat and the intercooled cycle, because smaller mass flow rate for the
given output reduces the component sizes and the plant capital costs.
 Lower fuel consumption reduces the running cost of the plant.
 Some of these characteristics are represented graphically and also
discussed.

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 Performance of Gas Turbine
a) Part load efficiency
Power
The part load efficiencies for
Plant
open cycle, closed cycle and
semi-closed cycle are shown in
Fig. 11.48. The part load
performance of the semi-
closed cycle is seen to be the
best.

Fig. 11.48 Part load efficiencies

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of different plants 38
 Performance of Gas Turbine
b) Fuel consumption
Power Plant
The effect of pressure ratio on the specific fuel consumption (sfc) on an
open cycle plant with the degree of regeneration as a parameter is shown
in Fig. 11.49 it shows that for each degree of regeneration there is an
optimum pressure ratio for minimum sfc.

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 Performance of Gas Turbine
Power Plant

9/26/2022 Fig. 11.49 Effect of regenerator effectiveness on specific fuel consumption 40

 Performance of Gas Turbine
c) Air flow rate
Power Plant
The effect of pressure ratio on the air mass flow rate for an open cycle
plant with the turbine inlet temperature as a parameter is shown in Fig.
11.50. It indicates optimum pressure ratio for different turbine inlet
temperatures requiring minimum air flow rates.

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 Performance of Gas Turbine
Power Plant

9/26/2022 Fig. 11.50 Effect of pressure ratio on air mass flow per unit output 42
 Performance of Gas Turbine
d) Thermal efficiency
Power Plant
The effect of pressure ratio of a single open cycle plant with turbine inlet
temperature as a parameter is shown in fig. 11.51 (a) and with compressor
inlet temperature as a parameter in Fig. 11.51 (b).

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 Performance of Gas Turbine
Power Plant

Fig. 11.51 Effect of pressure

ratio on thermal efficiency of
a simple open cycle plant
with (a) Turbine inlet
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temperature 44
 Performance of Gas Turbine
Power Plant

Fig. 11.51 Effect of pressure

ratio on thermal efficiency of
a simple open cycle plant
with (b) Compressor inlet
temperature
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as parameters 45
 Performance of Gas Turbine
e) Regeneration
Power Plant
The effect of regeneration on thermal efficiency of a simple cycle taking
pressure ratio and the turbine inlet temperature as parameters is shown in
Fig. 11.52 (a) and Fig. 52 (b) respectively.

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 Performance of Gas Turbine
Power Plant

Fig. 11.52 Effect of regeneration on thermal efficiency of simple cycle with

9/26/2022 (a) Pressure ratio and (b) Turbine inlet temperature as parameters 47
 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8
A gas turbine power plant consists of a two stage compressor with intercooling and a
single stage turbine with a regenerator. Air enters the compressor at 1 bar, 20°C. The
maximum temperature of the cycle is limited to 900°C and the maximum pressure ratio
is 6. The effectiveness of the generator is 0.7. The rate of air flow through the plant is
210 kg/s and the calorific value of fuel used is 40.8 MJ/kg. The isentropic efficiency of
both the compressors is 0.82, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine 0.92, the
combustion efficiency is 0.95, the mechanical efficiency is 0.96 and the generator
efficiency is 0.95. Take for air cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK and γ = 1.4 and for gases cp = 1.08 kJ/kgK
and γ = 1.33. Assuming perfect intercooling and neglecting pressure and heat losses,
estimate (a) the air-fuel ratio, (b) the cycle efficiency, (c) the power supplied by the
plant; and (d) the specific fuel consumption of the plant and the fuel consumption per
hour.9/26/2022 48
 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Gas Turbine Power Plant
Example 11.8

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 Problem

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 Problem

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Problem 11.18 Solution: Gas Turbine Performance Analysis

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 Problem

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 Problem 11.19 Solution: Gas Turbine Performance
Analysis

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 Problem

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 Problem

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 Problem 11.21 Solution: Gas Turbine Performance
Analysis

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 Problem

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 References
 Nag, P. K. Power Plant Engineering. 3rd ed. New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2008.
https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/f206b017201f409aac3c86f2d2f63c4e

https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/990696e55ef549fa813f2e62ad4f8123

https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/8f73959637b04d1d9f7e857f4036fe13

https://au-lti.bbcollab.com/recording/3f54eaa23de44e1ea5b722e49848eeea

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 A wise man is full of strength, and a man of knowledge
enhances his might.
Prov. 24:5 (ESV)

END.
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