RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

BY
DR. SNEHA G. BURGUL
M.Com, NET, MBA (HR), Ph.D.
S.G.K. College, Lonikalbhor, Pune.(MS)
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 RESEARCH

 Refers to a search for knowledge.

 A scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.
 It is in fact, an art of scientific investigation.
 A systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

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 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

 The purpose of research is to discover answer to questions through the

application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find
out truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet.
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
 To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs
 To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables

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 MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH

What makes people to undertake research?

Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits.

Desire to face challenges in solving unsolved problems.

Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work.

Desire to get respectability.

 TYPES OF RESEARCH

Descriptive vs. Analytical Applied vs. Fundamental

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Conceptual vs. Empirical

One time research vs. Longitudinal Field Setting Research or Laboratory

Research Research

Field Setting Research or Laboratory

Research
 TYPES OF RESEARCH

Descriptive vs. Analytical

Descriptive research includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different kinds.
The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it
exists at present. E.g. social science and Business research. (Export fact to
research). In Analytical research, the researcher has to use facts or information
already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
 Applied vs. Fundamental

Research can be applied (or action) or fundamental or pure of basic research.

Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a

society or an individual or business organization. Fundamental research is mainly
concerned with generalization with formulization of theory. “Gathering knowledge
for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure ‘or ‘basic’ research.” E.g. mathematics,
Newton’s law.
 Quantitative vs. Qualitative

Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or

amount. It is applicable to phenomenon that can be expressed in terms of
quantity.
Qualitative research, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon.
(i.e. which can not be measured.) E.g. motivation research, Attitude and
opinion research.

Conceptual vs. Empirical

Conceptual research is that related to abstract ideas or theory. It is

generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts.
Empirical research relies on experience or observation. It is data
based research coming up with conclusion, which is capable of being
verified. It is experiments type research. E.g. collection of data,
analysis, Hypothesis testing, proving and disproving it etc.
 One time research vs. Longitudinal Research

In former case the research is confined to a single time period where as the latter
case the research is carried on over several time periods.

Field setting research or laboratory research

simulation research, depending on the environment in which it is to be carried out.

Historical research
is that utilizes historical sources like documents, remains etc. to study events or
ideas of the past.
 Research Methodology

 It is a way to systematically solve the research problem.

 It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically.

 It includes the steps that are generally adopted by researcher in studying his research
problem
 PROCESS OF RESEARCH
• Formulating the research Problem
• Extensive Literature Survey
• Development of Hypothesis
• Preparing Research Design
• Determining Sample Design
• Collecting the Data
• Analysis of Data
• Hypothesis testing
• Generalization and Interpretation
• Preparation of the report or thesis
 M.COM RESEARCH PROJECT GUIDELINES

SPECIAL ELECTIVE SUBJECT - GROUP A (ADVANCED ACCOUNTING & TAXATION)

Subject: PROJECT WORK / CASE STUDIES
Course Code: 404 Total Credits: 04

Project Work is of total 100 marks

Project Work & Viva-Voce 60 Marks
Internal Evaluation 40 Marks

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 SELECTION OF TOPIC

 A student can select any topic relating to principles practices

and procedures of accounting auditing taxation and
management accounting.
 Any topic from the syllabus of the papers studied at M Com.
Part One or Part Two under special paper Accountancy &
Taxation can be of a use.
 Pick up any unit studied and try to connect it to commercial
word around e.g. in taxation a student has studied taxation of
a company, then he can select a topic Tax Planning of a
particular company or a study of taxation of an educational
institute.

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 FORMAT & CONTENT OF RESEARCH PROJECT

 PAGE SIZE: The paper used for printing shall be of 44 size;

 Margin: Printing shall be in a standardized form on one side of the paper and in 1.5 line spacing;
A margin of 1.5 inches shall be on the left hand side;
 Fonts and Paragraph Styles:
12 point Times New Roman font for the main text,
16 point Times New Roman font for the Heading (Bold them),
14 point Times New Roman font for the Subheading (Bold them),
Justify paragraph style must be used with 1.5 line spacing,
For footnotes/sources - italics and 10-point courier font
 Binding: The card for cover shall not be more than 330 GSM; Hard bound or Spiral Bound
 Header & Footer
Header - 10 point Times New Roman font followed by a horizontal line
Footer - 10 point Times New Roman font preceded by a horizontal line with page no.
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 Title Page/Cover Page Format

What shall be printed on the title page and the PROJECT

"Write here title of the Project report in all
front cover? REPORT
upper-case (capital letters) with a 'centre‘
alignment. Place this title on the upper central
part of the cover with sufficient margin
part of the cover with sufficient margin from top
 The Title of the Project Report, from topsides.
and both and Use
both sides.
font Use font
size suitable sizeof
to length

WRITE THE NAME OF THE STUDENT

suitable t
the title."
 Name of the Institute/College, o length of the title."
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO SAVITRIBAI
(Institute’s Name)
 Degree, PHULE PUNE UNIVERSIW
FOROF
FOR AWARD AWARD OF DEGREE
DEGREE OF
OF DOCTOR OF
 Name of the Candidate MASTER OF COMMERCE (M.Com)
PHTLOSOPHY (PH.D.) IN THE FACULTY
IN THE SUBJECT .........
 Name of the Guide, OF.........
SUBMITTED
SUBMITTED BYBY
 Place of Research and the UNDER THEStudent Name
GUIDANCE OF
Month and Year of Submission RESEARCH CENTRE OF
UNDER THE GUIDANCE
WRITE HEREGuide
MONTH Name& YEAR OF
MONTH Designation
SUBMISSION
&
YEAR WRITE HERE MONTH & YEAR OF SUBMISSION

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(Full page A4 size setup) 15
 REPORT CONTENTS & FORMAT OF RESEARCH PROJECT

 Cover Page
 Company Certificate (If Any)
 College Certificate/ Guide Certificate (Duly Signed by HOD/Principal and Guide)
 Page of Declaration : -
Students need to give declaration regarding originality (not copied from anywhere) of their
work and have to sign under it.
 Page of Acknowledgement:-
Students have to mention votes of Thanks to all those who have helped during this project work.

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 FORMAT OF DETAILED INDEX OF RESEARCH PROJECT
Chapter No. Particular Page No.
  Certificates (if any)  I
Declaration II
Acknowledgement III
List of Abbreviations V
List of Charts VI
List of Figures, VII
List of Symbols VIII
List of Tables, IX
Executive Summary X
1 Introduction to Industry 1
1.1 Industry Scenario 1
1 1.2 Contemporary Issues 4
1.3 Other Related information 6
1.4 XXXXXXXXXXXXX (Note: 1) Heading,
1.5 XXXXXXXXXXX Subheading should be
2 Introduction to Company   listed with page no.,
2.1 XXXXXXXX 14 2). List down
2.2 XXXXXXXX 16 references and
2.3 XXXXXXXX 20 Annexure at the end
of the last chapter,
with roman Page No.)
And so on….
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 REPORT CONTENTS & FORMAT OF RESEARCH PROJECT

 Separate Page/s of Various Lists -

"List of Abbreviations"
“List of Charts”,
“List of Figures”,
"List of Symbols",
“List of Tables”,
 Page of “Executive Summary”: -
Summary about your Project Work, begin it with objectives and end
with Conclusion(Max one and half pages summary, which contains a
short paragraphs briefing each chapter).

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 CHAPTER SCHEME OF RESEARCH PROJECT

Chapter-1. Introduction to Industry ( This is the tentative chapter scheme for project)

1.1 Industry Scenario (World/National/Local)

1.2 Contemporary Issues (New/Updates/Government Announcement)
1.3 Other Related information (pertaining to topic and field of study)
1.4 PESTLE analysis

Chapter-2. Introduction to the Company (if applicable)

2.1 Inception/Founder (You Can Consider -Why, Who, Whom, How, When,
Where, including Vision, Mission and Objective of the company)
2.2 Branches/Offices/Locations/Production Sites
2.3 Latest update of the company (News/From website/Social Media)
2.4 Company’s Practice (Based on Specialization – Marketing/HR/Finance)
2.5 Achievement and Recent news about Company
2.6 SWOT Analysis
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 CHAPTER SCHEME OF RESEARCH PROJECT

( This is the tentative chapter scheme for project)

Chapter-3. Theoretical Framework & Literature Review

Part – 1: Theoretical Framework (Defining constructs separately, and
include theoretical aspects from reference books - Definition, Features,
Factors affecting, models, types, process, advantages/disadvantages etc.
whichever is applicable)
Part – 2: Literature Review (This section includes reviews of earlier
research papers/projects on selected topic and ends it with conclusion by
defining gap of the study – at the last for reviewed work, keep all
references in prescribed format)

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 Chapter-4. Research Methodology

[Prepare this chapter by defining the following topics along with mentioning appropriate type as applicable in
particular topic and rationalize it.]
For Primary Data
 Research Problem (What you actually want to study- what, when, why, how) i. Target Population:
ii. Sample Size:
 Objectives of the study (Primary & Secondary) iii. Sampling Method:
iv. Sampling Frame:
 Nature Of Research (Basic / Applied Research) (List/Geographical area)
v. Sample Element:
vi. Survey Method:
 Type of Research Design (Exploratory/ Descriptive/ Causal) vii. Survey Tool:
viii. Pilot Survey (or Pretesting)
 Scope of the Research (whatever you include/cover in your study) ix. Response Rate:

 Data Collection (Primary / Secondary Data) For Secondary Data

i. Sample Size:
 Data Analysis Techniques/Tools ii. Sampling Method:
iii. Sampling Frame:
 List of Hypothesis (If any) (List/Geographical area) :
iv. Sample Unit/Element:
 Limitations of the Study v. Time Frame:
vi. Variables under Study:
vii. Source of Secondary Data:
viii. Response Rate:
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 Chapter-5. Data Analysis & Findings

[Primary Data - Chapter starts with demographic data (if any) representation followed by; Question-wise Summary
Table followed by chart/Graph, as shown below

 This should be is followed by; Interpretation and

discussion from the table and graph.
 Then go for bivariate and multivariate analysis –
hypothesis testing and so on.
 [Secondary Data (As per requirement) – Frequency
distribution/ Measures of Central Tendency Ratios/
Correlation/Regression/ Chi Square/T - Test/ F – Test/
ANOVA/ Time Series Analysis etc.]

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 Chapter-6. Conclusion & Suggestions

 Conclusion: Based on whole study conducted, write conclusion for each objective with
rationalizing based on analysis.
 Suggestions: The suggestions are those where the researcher presents his/her rational views
based on the findings and conclusions drawn from the study for the further betterment in the
area. And here researcher can also suggest future study in the same field with extended or
modified variables.

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 Bibliography/References
(List down in alphabetical order)
 Examples of References (APA style);
 Book, one author, multiple editions:
Hawking, S. W. (1998). A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes (10th ed.).
New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. Pp – 55-96
 E-book, online only:
Tyler, G. (n.d.). Evolution in the systems age. Retrieved from
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=142&action=setvar&vartype=history
&varname=bookmark&v1=1&v2=46&v3=2; Retrieved on October 12, 2017 (Don’t mention
google.com, Wikipedia etc.)
 Journal article, three authors: Fernández-Manzanal, R., Rodríguez-Barreiro, L., & Carrasquer, J.
(2007). Evaluation of environmental attitudes: Analysis and results of a scale applied to university
students. Science Education, 91(6), pp 988–1009.
 Websites: Keep full link along with date od accessed, as shown below
• https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/swiggyzomato-boycott-by-
allahabad-hotels-continues/articleshow/67649928.cms Accessed on 20th February, 2020

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 Annexure/s

 Annexure/s (Blank Questionnaire, Code book, Tally table sheet- whatever is applicable)
 Note: Wherever in report, charts and tables are used, place them with appropriate number as
well as with description and also provide its source (if any).

ALL THE BEST !

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Sunday, May 7, 2023
 Email: mpwaghmare@gmail.com
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