Topic

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Presented By :- Muhammad Hamza

Roll # :- 22-ELE-60
 History

• Michael Faraday proposed the laws of electromagnetic induction

in the year 1831.
• Faraday’s law or the law of electromagnetic induction is the observation or results of the
experiments conducted by Faraday.

Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction

• Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an electromotive force is induced.

If the conductor circuit is closed, a current is induced, which is called induced current.
 Changing the Magnetic Field Intensity

• There are a few ways to change the magnetic field intensity in a closed loop:
• By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.
• By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field.
• By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field.
• By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil.

Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction

• The induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of flux linkage.

• The flux linkage is the product of the number of turns in the coil and the flux associated with
the coil. 
• Where ε is the electromotive force, Φ is the magnetic flux, and N is the number of turns.
Faraday’s Law Derivation
 Lenz’s Law

• The German physicist Heinrich Friedrich Lenz deduced a rule known as Lenz’s law that
describes the polarity of the induced emf.

Definition
• The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes the change
in magnetic flux that produced it.
• The negative sign in the formula represents this effect. Thus, the negative sign indicates that the
direction of the induced emf and the change in the direction of magnetic fields have opposite
signs.
 Explanation

• To better understand Lenz’s law, let us consider two cases:

Case 1
• When a magnet is moving towards the coil.
• When the north pole of the magnet is approaching the coil, the magnetic flux linking to
the coil increases.
• According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, when there is a change in
flux, an EMF, and hence current is induced in the coil and this current will create its
own magnetic field.

Case 2
• When a magnet is moving away from the coil
• When the north pole of the magnet is moving away from the coil, the magnetic flux linking to
the coil decreases.
• According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, an EMF and hence current is induced
in the coil and this current will create its own magnetic field.
• For finding the directions of magnetic field or current, use the right-hand thumb rule such as if
the fingers of the right hand are placed around the wire so that the thumb points in the direction
of current flow, then the curling of fingers will show the direction of the magnetic field
produced by the wire.

Phenomenon Of Mutual Induction

• Alternating current flowing in a coil produces alternating magnetic field around it.
• When two or more coils are magnetically linked to each other, then an alternating current
flowing through one  coil causes an induced emf across the other linked coils.
• This phenomenon is called as mutual induction.
 What Is Mutual Inductance?

• When two coils are brought in proximity with each other the magnetic field in one of the coils
tend to link with the other.
• This further leads to the generation of voltage in the second coil.
• This property of a coil which affects or changes the current and voltage in a secondary coil is
called mutual inductance.
 Derivation

=M

M=
• By Faraday’s Law the EMF induced in the secondary coil is given by the rate of change of flux
through the secondary.

M=
 Self Inductance

• When there is a change in the current or magnetic flux of the coil, an electromotive force is
induced.
• This phenomenon is termed Self Inductance.
• When the current starts flowing through the coil at any instant, it is found that, that the magnetic
flux becomes directly proportional to the current passing through the circuit. 
 Derivation
•As is proportional to the Magnetic field which is in turn proportional to the current I.
Therefore,

=L

M=

• Haa
 Applications of Faraday’s Law
• Following are the fields where Faraday’s law finds applications:
1.Electrical equipment like transformers works on the basis of Faraday’s law.
2.Induction cooker works on the basis of mutual induction, which is based on the principle of
Faraday’s law.
3.By inducing an electromotive force into an electromagnetic flowmeter, the velocity of the fluids
is recorded.
4.Electric guitar and electric violin are musical instruments that find an application of Faraday’s
law.
5.Maxwell’s equation is based on the converse of Faraday’s laws which states that a change in the
magnetic field brings a change in the electric field.
Thanks to all of you